The experiment was conducted at a constant temperature of 28°C. The above values ​​except the feed conversion ratio are all significantly different from P?.01. However, it is not that the larger the water flow, the better. Experiments show that only when the ambient temperature is higher than 35°C, increasing the water flow can effectively improve the production efficiency. However, at a lower temperature of 4.5°C, increasing water flow is harmful to production (Glen W. Almond). For suckling piglets, the US expert John Carr recommends a standard of 0.3 liters per minute, while German researchers recommend a tap flow of 0.45-0.55 liters per minute for adult pigs and sows of 1.5-2 liters per minute. Swedish scientists believe that nursing sows need 20-25 liters of water a day, and that the flow rate of the spout should reach 3-4 liters per minute. If the flow rate is less than 1 liter per minute, it will affect the sow's feed intake and milk production. A reference data provided by the Netherlands to producers is that sows need to consume 2.8 liters of water per day to feed 1 kilogram of feed. The test results show that it is equivalent to drinking 6.6 liters of water per day within 65 days after pregnancy and 7.8 per day from 65 to 94 days of drinking water. L, then drinking 9.6 liters of water per day until delivery. In order to use water effectively, researchers believe that a 2.8:1 ratio is appropriate for pregnant sows. Compared with 3.6:1, using a 2.8:1 ratio can reduce the cost of manure storage treatment by more than 20%. Canada’s Katie Carr believes that the ratio of water to water decreases with the weight of the pig. When the water spout is used, the ratio of water to feed for nursery pigs is 3.35:1, compared with 2.5:1 for growing pigs. The temperature of drinking water should be maintained at 10-15 °C. When the temperature is too low, the digestive enzymes in the body cannot play a role, and the feed can not be digested to cause diarrhea; when the water temperature is too high, gastric juice cannot be easily secreted and the gastric juice also affects digestion and absorption. In the relationship between drinking water and water temperature and outside temperature, Australian scholars have found that pigs growing and finishing pigs, in a hot pig house, when the water temperature is 11 °C, the daily drinking water is 10.5 liters; when the water temperature is 30 °C. Drinking water is only 0.6 liters. In a cool pig house, when the water temperature is 11°C, the daily drinking volume of the pig is 3.3 liters; when the water is heated to 30°C, the amount of drinking water reaches 4.0 liters (NRC, 1998). High ambient temperatures increase water requirements and are more pronounced in sows and finishing pigs. The temperature is based on 20°C. For each increase of one degree, the sow needs to increase drinking water by 0.2 liters per day. The increase in the amount of drinking water leads to an increase in the amount of water discharged from the urine, which is an effective way to reduce body temperature. The consumption of water from ambient temperature from 12-16°C to 30-35°C increases by 50%. Ensuring adequate drinking water can increase piglet weight by 1 kg per head during weaning for 24 days and reduce the time from sow weaning to re-breeding by 1 day. The drinking habits of pigs change with the age. French scholars suggest that before using the spout for early weaned pigs, a drinking water tank can be placed on the net bed to facilitate the piglet to drink water, and the piglet should be used after three days. And it is best to place two spouts at intervals of no more than 30 centimeters, because the piglet also keeps the habit of sucking milk and likes to drink together. The study found that just after weaning, the piglets had a balanced drinking water supply during the day and night, and the time of drinking water during the growth and finishing stages was basically the same as the time of daytime feeding. Therefore, if drinking water is restricted during the day, the feed intake of the pig will be affected. For weaned piglets, supplying the same type of drinking water used by the piglets during lactation allows them to get used to and adapt to drinking water earlier. The issue of installing several water faucets in a circle has also been controversial. Experiments have shown that the use of a water spout for 16-week-old pigs has a small effect on pig growth, but the uniformity of piglet weight is significantly different. Another survey showed that using a single spout for every 5 piglets allowed the pig to achieve the best production level and the best uniformity. Brumm (2006) recommends that at least 10 watering facilities be required when there are more than 10 nurseries and 15-20 pigs per lap. The low water flow may be caused by low water pressure, long pipelines, too thin pipelines, or leakage of pipes. Therefore, the flow of the taps must be checked frequently. Too high a flow rate does not have much effect on increasing the amount of drinking water of the pigs. The waste. Canada's Katie Carr experts reminded pig-raising people that the water spout should be installed at a 90-degree angle with the water pipe to match the height of the pig's shoulder. When it is slanted at a 45-degree angle, it should be 5 cm higher than the pig's back, and the water spout should be low. Increase the waste of water. However, sometimes the water consumption is caused by unnecessary waste of the pig's playing habits. Eating pellets requires more water than eating powder. The demand for water also increases when there is a high protein and mineral content in the feed. 3, the requirements of water quality and other effects of water 3.1 Standard of Water Quality of water directly affects the animal's drinking water, feed consumption, health and production levels. The quality of the water is generally evaluated as total soluble solids (TDS) in the water or as leaching residues, ie various dissolved salts, with a TDS of less than 1000 mg per liter of water. 7000mg will cause serious health problems and the pig refused to drink water. Good water pH is between 6.5-8. Hard water with high calcium and magnesium content does not hinder the drinking of animals. However, in the use of iron pipes for more than 4 years, it is very easy to form sediment blocking pipes and reduce the water flow. When sulphate coexists with magnesium and calcium, it can cause diarrhea in pigs. The iron in the water will facilitate the growth of bacteria that can produce a special taste, and it will easily clog the water pipe. Pigs are more tolerant of nitrate in water than other animals. More than 750 mg per liter of water can cause a decrease in the average daily weight gain. Nitrate and nitrite can change the structure of hemoglobin so that hemoglobin loses its ability to carry oxygen and the color of blood becomes dark. When the concentration of nitrate and nitrite in the water is particularly high, the use of vitamin A will be destroyed and the production performance will be reduced. However, this situation is rarely seen in actual production, but once it occurs, it will cause a significant increase in the number of stillbirths. In the case of poor animal drinking water, chlorination can be used to eliminate and eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, and softeners can be used to improve the water hardness. The requirements for drinking water standards vary from country to country. The following information (Table 4) is for reference. Drinking Water Quality Guidelines in Canada and the United Kingdom Recommended maximum limit (mg/L) (Table 4) In addition, natural water may contain various microorganisms, including bacteria or viruses. Salmonella, Leptospira, Ileitis, and Escherichia are the most common bacteria. If it is contaminated by the feces and urine of rats, it can carry pathogens such as oral plague, swine pox, and swine dysentery. Experience has shown that 1 out of every 100 ml of water can cause diarrhea in young pigs. After a long period of use of the water pipe, the biofilm (mucus) formed on the wall of the water pipe can protect pathogenic microorganisms. According to information, it can protect rod-shaped bacteria and increase their resistance by 3,000 times. In order to ensure the cleanliness of the water, the pipes of the water should be cleaned and disinfected after all herds have been fully fed. Because the water is contaminated with the blue-ear virus, it can survive for more than 10 days. Cleaning method: Select a disinfectant that can remove biofilm (mucus) and kill pathogenic microorganisms. Chlorine is a cheap disinfectant, but it can not effectively remove the dirt on the pipe wall. UK pig consultant John Gadd recommends DuPont's Wei Ke to have these two roles. According to the manufacturer's instructions "Wei Ke S" for terminal disinfection, the use of a concentration of 1:200, or 0.5%, let go of the water with disinfectant, fill the water for 30 minutes to soak the pipe, and then refill the water. Pig farms should use water resources rationally, but it does not mean that the more dry the pens, the better. Too dry or too wet can easily cause skin diseases and respiratory diseases. It is generally preferable to maintain a relative humidity of 40-60%. In addition, in the spray disinfection of the ground, if the pen is too wet, the concentration of the disinfectant should be appropriately increased. In the summer, before the dry concrete surface and wall surface are disinfected, the surface of the object should be wetted with clean water, and then sterilized, so as to prevent the water in the disinfectant from being quickly drained and evaporated to affect the disinfection effect. 3.2 Other Roles of Water Dr. Mike Brumm (2004) at the University of Nebraska proposed that water can be used as an indicator of the growth process. In the past, we measured the performance of fattening pigs as having a feed to meat ratio, but there was a lack of understanding and monitoring of the growth process at each stage. The ratio of feed to meat is only a result, and because feed addition and actual consumption are likely to be inaccurate, it has been observed that the consumption of pig drinking water can more accurately reflect the pig's growth curve. This method is also relatively simple. As long as the pig's drinking water is piped on a water meter, it can be measured separately from the summer cooling and washing water. A line is drawn for the amount of pig drinking water every day, and once the amount of water drops, the health of the herd or the abnormality of the water supply system can be detected earlier. However, due to changes in temperature throughout the year and the situation in different fields, it is necessary to accumulate relevant data to reflect the growth and health changes of pigs through drinking water. Animal water loss is continuous, drinking water is intermittent. In order to maintain normal physiological functions, animals have to make up for it by drinking water. Whether the use of water is reasonable or not involves not only the cost of raising pigs, but also the health status of the pig. Restricting drinking water will significantly affect feed intake and production performance. Fecal and urine water levels will also drop significantly. It will even cause dehydration of animals, reduce body weight, increase the excretion of nitrogen and electrolytes (Na+, Cl-) in the kidneys, increase pulse rate and thicken blood. Finally died of exhaustion. However, excessive drinking water is also harmful to the body. It can cause muscle tissue to degenerate and form softened meat. The digestive fluid is diluted to affect digestion, and it also increases the metabolic function of the liver and kidneys. Excessive drinking water also leads to increased urine output. Urine in the urine is very irritating to the skin and mucous membranes and increases the chance of infection by pathogenic microorganisms. In particular, when the pighouse wastes too much water and the pig's drinking capacity is insufficient, its production status can be imagined. Lastly, don't forget that pig farms should be equipped with easily damaged parts in the water supply facility so as not to temporarily affect the drinking water of people and animals. Shaanxi Kepler Biotech Co.,Ltd , https://www.keplerherb.com
*If there is no addition in the feed can reach 5.0, **Provisional criteria, ***If the feed contains this material, the standard is 1.0. From the Canadian Pork Council Canadian Quality Assurance and Michael R.Muirhead Thomas JLAlexander, Managing Pig Health and the Treatment of Disease