High-yield Cultivation of Apples and Prevention of Pests and Diseases

Apple is one of the fruits of both young and old. Its nutritional value and medical value are very high. It is more and more known as the "first doctor of medicine." Many Americans take apples as a weight-reducing diet. They diet for one day a week and eat apples on this day. They are known as "Apple Day."

I. Apple cultivation techniques

1. Seedlings and gardens

(1) Seedlings: They are all grown by grafting. There are two kinds of rootstocks: Joe anvil and dwarf anvil. Joe's anvil is propagated with seeds. Autumn sowing or sand layering after spring sowing. The number of days of low temperature stratification is about 30-60 days. Dwarfing anvils must be propagated using cuttings, battens or ramets to maintain dwarfing characteristics. Grafting with T-shaped bud grafting, budding in the fall, when the formation of semi-emergence. Embryos that have not yet survived were planted and grafted in the following spring. Branches are usually cut or snapped.

(2) Construction of the garden: Apple orchards should be selected where the groundwater level is lower than 80 cm to 100 cm. Seedlings should be suitable for autumn. Plant spacing varies depending on the size of the tree and soil fat. Flatland Qiaohua Slender Plantation, spacing (5-6) meters (5-6) meters; sandy desert hilly land or semi-dwarf anvil middle dense planting garden, spacing (3-5) meters (4-5) meters; The anvil or magnolia variety planting plantation, plant spacing (2 ~ 3) meters (3 ~ 4) meters.

2. Shaping and trimming

(1) Reshaping: Evacuation layered shape (also called sparse layer shape), semi-dwarf tree and short-stem type tree promote small crown sparse layer shape and free spindle shape.

(2) Pruning: The basic methods of winter pruning are short cuts, retraction, and thinning. Summer pruning includes basic methods such as topping, brushing, loosing, twisting, picking, pulling branches, and girdling. The pruning of apple saplings is mainly based on selecting and retaining the main branch of the culture. At the same time, the lighter shearing and multiple supporting branches are maintained, the amount of foliage is increased, the growth of the shoot and the root system is balanced, and the flowering result is promoted.

3, soil fertilizer water management and other

Fertilization is an important part of the comprehensive management of apple orchards. Each year, an apple orchard needs to be applied with 500kg to 2000kg of mature basal fertilizer. To increase and prolong the photosynthetic capacity of late autumn apple leaves, 25 kg of Guoyou 106 biocompound fertilizer can be added to the base fertilizer. The topdressing is applied on the basis of the applied basal fertilizer, and the nutrients need to be supplemented with the apples at the time of each growth center, and quick-acting fertilizers are used. It usually takes 1 to 3 times a year. Including flowering and fruiting period, it can be applied to 1 kg of Guoyou 106 bio-compound fertilizer, 2 kg of Guoyou 106 bio-compound fertilizer applied during the flower bud differentiation period, and 3 kg of Guoyou 106 bio-compound fertilizer during fruit expansion.

4. Flower and fruit management

(1) Sapling-promoting techniques: In addition to the aforementioned spring-sprouted shoots, summer girdling and autumnal shoots, growth-regulators can also be used to promote flower growth in trees that grow normally or over-prosperous. In the early, mid-term and autumn shoot growth stages of the shoots, spraying 0.15%-0.2% of the long-term concentration or 0.1%-0.2% of the concentration of ethephon 2 or 3 times, can be effective. To suppress long flowers. Can also be in the new shoot when the prosperous long foliar spraying paclobutrazol solution concentration of 0.1% to 0.15%, also effective for flower promotion.

(2) Increase the fruit setting rate: In years with bad weather and few flowers, artificial pollination or bee release can be ensured at the initial stage of apple blossoms to ensure fruit setting. In combination with spraying 1000-fold Granules or 1000 g sneeze-grams.

(3) Thinning and fruit thinning: In the early to late stages of flowering, the excessive inflorescences and flowers are required to be sparsely flowered. After 1 to 4 weeks after flowering, too many young fruit are removed. This is to prevent or overcome the apple. The necessary measures for annual and large-scale results.

(4) Prevent pre-harvest fruit drop: Some apple varieties, such as Marshal, Red Star, Red Jade, Fengyan, Tsugaru, etc., have serious fruit drop before harvesting. They are used for 30 to 40 days and 20 days before harvesting. Spraying 1 or 2 times can effectively reduce fruit drop.

(5) Preventing fruit rust and preventing fruit cracking: Fruit rust of Golden Delicious apples is an important factor affecting the commercial value of the fruit. Spraying 0.5% to 1% calcium chloride (Ca content) can be performed 1-3 weeks before fruit harvest. -C12) solution 1 to 2 times, has a significant effect on preventing cracking. In addition, optional light Fuji fruit, such as split Guo Guoguang.

Second, the main diseases and pests and their prevention

1, disease

(1) Apple rot disease: There are two types of symptoms: ulcer type and branch dry type. It was found that the lesions were completely scraped and treated as soon as possible. After the scraping, they were coated with 100 times liquid and continuously applied for 2 to 3 times. Spraying Guoyou 101 before sprouting in spring or 1000 times in bacteria and 1000 times in sneezing grams can prevent disease.

(2) Apple anthrax: causes decay and a lot of fruit drop. In the bud, the whole tree spray Guo Guo 101 or the bacteria 1000 times liquid + sneeze g 1000 times liquid is used for prevention.

(3) Apple ringworm disease: mainly damage trunks and fruits, severely weakening tree vigor and causing fruit drop. Combined with the control of rot disease Guoyou 101 or bacteria into 1000 times liquid + sneeze grams 1000 times.

(4) Early deciduous apple disease: Brown leaf spot and spotted deciduous disease cause severe defoliation. During the growth period, spraying protection leaves, can be used Guoyou 101 or bacteria into 1000 times liquid + sneeze grams 1000 times liquid.

2. Insect pests

(1) Leafhopper: that is, spider mites. Spend sneeze 1000 times before flowering, and then spray it once again.

(2) Peach borer: The abbreviation Peach is small, larvae harm the fruit, cause the fruit to be deformed, fall off, or inedible. Before the overwintering larvae were unearthed, they were planted with a dose of 0.5 kg per plant. Spray 1000 times ingeniously during adulthood. And promptly remove the fruit.

(3) Pyrosphaeridae: For short pears, the mature larvae are mainly overwintered in the cracks in branches and branches. Control methods: In the early period, the tip of the peach was completely cut off, and the adult worm was killed by hanging a sweet and sour vinegar pot on the tree. After entering the month of July, it was sprayed ingeniously 1000 times at the peak of adult moths.

(4) The apple leaf roller moth: The early winter larvae cover the winter in the gap between the bark and the cut kerf. The second spring spoils leaves or florets damages the leaves and feeds on the skin. Control method: dormant scrape old bark burned. The larvae are close to the pupa period, and the cutting kerf is sealed by the ingenious 200-times liquid or the bacteria-killed 100-fold liquid to reduce the source of insects. Adults spray finely 1000 times.

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