In two kinds of Incompatible Liquids, adding one kind of assistant can make one of the liquids dispersed in another liquid with very small particles or liquid beads, and become a more stable emulsion. This action is called emulsification, and the auxiliaries that play the role are called emulsifiers.
Surfactant is a substance which can significantly reduce the surface tension of solvent (generally water) or the interfacial tension between liquid and liquid, change the surface state of voxels and produce ethylene to meet the application requirements.
Emulsification, dispersion and solubilization. Solubilization: The presence of micelles increases the solubility of substances in solvents. This phenomenon is called solubilization.
Solubilization is different from emulsification. When one liquid is dispersed in the other, the system is unstable and eventually stratified. Solubilization can make the system more stable. When the surfactant concentration of the solution reaches the critical micelle concentration, the micelle can dissolve the oily substance in its own lipophilic part. In pesticide emulsifiers, surfactants have obvious solubilization effect on pesticides, which helps to improve the emulsifying performance, especially the stability, and can reduce the amount of emulsifiers.
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I. Morphological characteristics Pear trees are usually deciduous trees or shrubs, and very few species are evergreen. Leaves mostly oval, the size of different varieties and different. The flower is white, or slightly yellow or pink, with five petals. The shape of the fruit is round, but also has a thin base or thick tail, commonly known as "pear-shaped"; different varieties of peel color very different, with yellow, green, yellow with green, green with yellow, yellow-brown, Green brown, reddish-brown, brown, some species also have purple; wild pear fruit diameter is small, between 1 ~ 4cm, while artificial cultivation of fruit diameter up to 8cm, length up to 18cm. The fruit of pear is usually used for eating. It is not only delicious, but also sweet and sour. It is rich in nutrients. It contains many vitamins and cellulose. Pears can be eaten raw or eaten after cooking. In terms of medical efficacy, pears can moisten the lungs, induce sputum and relive cough, pass through constipation, and facilitate digestion, which is also good for the cardiovascular system. In addition to serving as fruit, pears can also be used for viewing. There are 25 kinds of pears and 14 of them are produced in China. It is the country with the largest number of pear species in the world. There are 6 systems of pear trees cultivated in China: Qiuzi pear, Baili pear, Sand pear, Xinjiang pear, Chuan pear and Pear, a total of more than 3,000 varieties. The famous varieties include mainly pears in North China, pears in Sheshan, Anhui, Laiyang pear in Shandong, and Huangli pear in Guizhou.
Second, the biological characteristics of pears are deep-rooted tree species. The depth, breadth, and density of root distribution are greatly influenced by rootstock, species, variety, soil quality, soil depth and structure, groundwater level, topography, and cultivation management. Pear trees are water- and moisture-resistant and require more water. Pear trees are a joyful fruit tree and require high light. Pear trees have a wide adaptability to the soil and can be cultivated on various types of soil such as sand, loam and clay. The main branch of the pear tree gradually opened and the crown was naturally semicircular. The pears have strong trunks, strong growth, obvious apical dominance, and large growth of branches and leaves. Pear tree flower buds are dominated by short fruit branches and top flower buds account for a large proportion. The inflorescences of the pears are corymbs. Each flower has an average of 5 flowers and is open to the heart. The age at the beginning of the pear tree varies depending on the species. In general, the sand pear system varieties are earlier; while the white pears and autumn pear varieties system is late; the pear system varieties are sooner or later. Pear tree self-cultivation rate is very low, most varieties need different varieties to pollinate the results, so pear orchard should pay attention to configure the pollination tree.
Third, breeding techniques seeds after stratification (40 ~ 6d), in the middle and late March sowing. Qiuzi pear seeding rate of 1.5 ~ 2kg/667?, Du Li sowing large seeds for the 1.5 ~ 2kg/667?, small seeds for the 1 ~ 1.5kg/667?, Bean pear for 0.75 ~ 1kg/667?; in the more arid Under the circumstances, it can cover soil 2 to 2.5cm, easy to compact the soil cover soil to be thinner, can be covered with grass above. Management after sowing is basically the same as that of apple tree nursery. Grafting buds or branches are easy to survive. Because the activity of the formation of the pear tree stopped earlier than the apple, the budding period must be arranged before the apple. Some species sprout early in the spring like Yali pear and Ci pear, and the branching period should also be earlier. Pear buds and leaf pillows are large. When the buds are harvested, it is required that the rootstocks are relatively thick, generally about 0.6cm, leaving 7-8 pieces of large leaves for topping to promote thickening. In order to produce more seedlings and seedlings, it is also possible to use different methods for grafting in different seasons in 1a. Pear seedlings only have good joints, complete primary and lateral roots, and more fibrous roots. The seedlings are thick, the plastic belts are full, and no standards such as quarantine pests can be used.
IV. Cultivation techniques After the garden site of the pear orchard is determined, measurement zoning can be carried out according to the area size, topography, and topography. The main road is about 7m wide, and the working track is 1m. You can set up a road for every 8 rows of pear trees. For planting density, flat land and large tree crown, the row spacing is generally 4m6m, and the row spacing of the hillside and the small tree crown is generally 3m5m. During the planting period, the warm area is best used for autumn planting, and cold areas are often planted in early spring. The base fertilizer in pear orchard is preferably used in autumn, and the fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer with delayed or semi-delayed effect (such as manure, human waste, etc.), if it can be combined with a part of quick-acting fertilizers such as calcium superphosphate, bone meal, and a small amount Nitrogen fertilizers are more effective. Fertilization methods can be radial, circular or strip-shaped furrows, the whole garden can be applied. Top dressing should be carried out in stages according to the needs of nutrients such as flowering, fruit set, new shoot growth, fruit hypertrophy, and flower bud differentiation. Pear trees can also be top-dressed. Late growth fertilizer spray effect is better. It is usually sprayed 2 or 3 times in July-August. The type and concentration of fertilizer are: urea is 0.5%, superphosphate is 1%, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.5%. According to the tree vigor, the amount of results, and the drought conditions, irrigation can be performed simultaneously before and after flowering, during the period of fruit hypertrophy, and in combination with topdressing. The pruning of pear trees is a key measure for the high yield of pear orchards. Different methods can be adopted according to different varieties and periods.
V. Harmful control of pests The main diseases of pear trees include pear rot disease, pear scab, and pear black shank diseases. The main pests are: pear borer, pear borer, pear stem bee, and pear real bee. Prevention and control of pests In addition to pests (diseases), we must also remove all kinds of weeds, litter and fruit in the garden, and cut off the internal vaginal branches and crowns outside the crown. Branches, weak branches, dry branches, overlapped branches, and dense branches were burned outside the park to reduce the sources of diseases and insects. After pruning in the clear garden, a 0.8 to 1 Baumel aqueous solution of lime sulfur is sprayed inside and outside the canopy to eliminate various pests that are adsorbed on the branches and leaves. During the new shoots, one 800-fold dipterex, 1,000-fold dichlorvos, and 800-fold thiophanate-methyl mixed liquids were used to eliminate various pests that harmed the shoots to protect shoots.
Pear tree flowering period management points
Pyrus Linn. is a rose plant. Pear cultivation has a long history and is distributed throughout the country. China is the largest origin of pears, with at least 3,000 years of cultivation history. Pear trees are mostly fruit trees, wild rootstocks, and urban and rural “four sides†green tree species. The wood is hard and detailed, and it is a fine hardwood carving material. Because the pear tree has strong adaptability and wide distribution, China can grow from south to north and from east to west.