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First, the introduction of the problem big cherry hi warm, not cold, not drought, impatience, fear of high winds, fear of clay saline-alkali land, suitable for the annual average temperature of 10 ~ 15 °C cultivation. Experience has shown that when the temperature is higher than 15°C, large cherries tend to flower and have less fruit. Planting large cherries requires a day with a daily average temperature of 10°C or more for 150-200 days, and a low temperature of -20°C during winter will cause freezing damage to large cherries. In the northern part of Dalian and in the suburbs of Beijing, there have been lessons in introducing the failure of cherry in smoking and freezing. Therefore, the introduction of the development of large cherry, not only depends on the local average temperature, precipitation, sunshine, frost-free period and other factors, but also carefully analyze the characteristics of the local microclimate, first test planting, and later development.
Second, the problem of frost damage
1. When building a garden, choose a plot or area that is less susceptible to frost damage.
2. Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, and the management of water and fertilizer in the later growth period is particularly important. Increase the application of organic fertilizer, pay attention to the autumn basal fertilizer, and give enough time to increase the nutrient reserve of the tree. Do a good job of prevention and treatment of various types of perforating defoliation and leaf-feeding pests and protect the leaves. Strengthen flood prevention and drainage work to prevent weakening of tree vigor caused by damage. Pour frozen water before freezing and increase the frost resistance of the tree.
3. In winter, spray 10% lime to spray the whole tree or apply large branches. Spray 2 to 3 times of Tianda 2116 to protect the tree before and after dormancy and flowering.
4. Pay attention to weather changes at any time after germination. If there is a low-temperature frost forecast, the orchard should be fully watered immediately, or the grass be smoked in the orchard before frost to buffer and freeze damage.
5. Protection cultivation can effectively avoid freezing injury, and it can be listed in advance, with high efficiency. Conditional gardens should be actively promoted.
Third, flood control problems Cherry is extremely resistant to waterlogging. Short-term accumulation of water or prolonged humidity may cause poor tree growth and even suffocation. The main measures for flood prevention:
1. Do not choose to build a garden.
2. Before the construction of the park, the whole park was turned deeply to keep the thickness of the living soil layer uniform. The soil with thin soil layer and heavier mountainous barrier layer should not be directly digging into pots with "pot type" planting. It is better to open the ditch for improvement first, and the ditch depth should be 80 to 100 cm. After backfilling, it should be planted as required. Increase the thickness of the living soil by opening the ditch and increase the ability of the soil to seep and drain.
3. The implementation of ridge cultivation, planting ridges, ditch drainage. Generally, the ridge width is 100-150 cm and the height is 20-30 cm. The ditch is connected with the drainage ditch and drain trunk on the outer edge of the orchard. Ridge cultivation can not only prevent flooding, but also prevent the planting too deep and affect the normal development of the tree.
4. Exclude the water in the field after rainfall.
4. Fruit cracking problems Some major cherry varieties are vulnerable to fruit cracking, seriously affecting their commercial properties, and major measures to prevent fruit cracking:
1. Use early and mid-maturing varieties such as early fruit, red light, and early morning. These varieties mature before the arrival of the rainy season to avoid cracking. Planting late-maturing varieties should pay attention to the resistance (resistance) of the varieties. At present, there are varieties of anti-crack fruit such as Rabins, Stanley, and Shamijia.
2. Science irrigation during the fruit development period to prevent the soil from drying out and maintaining moisture balance. When drought occurs, it is necessary to use small water for pouring and flood water is strictly prohibited.
3. Large cherries that are cultivated in open fields should be constructed with simple shelters and rain-covered cultivation. They can also be temporarily covered with plastic film or snakeskin bags during the rain and then removed after the rain.
4. Pre-harvest splitting is often closely related to calcium deficiency in the fruit. Calcium supplementation is an important measure to prevent cracking of large cherry before harvest.
1 Lime in autumn or spring. Dig 2~3 deep 20cm pits in the root distribution area. Each plant shall be filled with 500 to 750g of raw lime. After burying the soil, do not water immediately. Let the lime absorb the water in the soil and slowly decompose it, providing roots for fruit trees. A lot of calcium. In addition, it can also regulate the acid-base balance of the soil and kill pathogens and nematodes in the soil. 2 to 3 years buried 1 time, quicklime contains 80% calcium, slaked lime contains 68% calcium.
2 From about 2 weeks after flowering, spray 300 to 500 times organic calcium fertilizer every 10 days or so (such as nutrient balance calcium fertilizer, calcium amino acid, etc.) for 2 to 3 times, which can significantly reduce cracking; spray 150 times liquid calcium hydroxide and 100 times liquid calcium chloride also have good preventive effects. Causing calcium spray after flowering can not only reduce pre-harvest cracking, but also improve fruit quality and increase fruit storability. Laiyang Agricultural College test showed that after spraying calcium, the sugar content increased by 1.7%, and the half-month browning index at low temperature storage decreased by 45.4% compared with the control.
3 Spray 0.3 to 3% calcium chloride before fruit harvest to increase osmotic pressure on the fruit surface, which can effectively reduce cracking.
V. Prevention and control of diseases and pests At present, the major pests in the production of large cherry plants are mulberry whitefly, green leafhopper, leaf leaf moth, perforation, leaf spot disease, root cancer disease, fluid glue disease, and so on. They should be controlled at different growth stages. .
1. In the dormant period, pruning is used to completely remove the residual branches, leaves, and fruit of the field, scrape the old bark of the tree, cut away the diseased shoots, and completely destroy it, so as to reduce the number of occurrences of the diseases and insects. At the same time, strengthen the protection of the tree, and apply bactericides or paints to the saw cuts and scrapings to prevent disease infections.
2. Dry branching, whole tree general spray 1 3~5 Baume degree lime sulfur, eliminating tree pests. The garden where the mulberry whiteworm occurs shall be sprayed with 1000 times liquid speed or 1000 times liquid farmland to prevent and control the young larvae before they sprout.
3. During the fruit and fruit period, we will focus on the prevention and control of Morinda citrifolia. In mid-May (about 3 months in the protected area), the first generation of hatchlings will have an incubating period. ~1200 times liquid. It is strictly prohibited to use highly toxic pesticides.
4. The post-harvest period This period is a mixed period of various pests, mainly defoliation, leaf miner, spider mites, pear nets and so on. For perforating defoliation, 600 times fluid or 200 times equal amount of Bordeaux mixture should be sprayed before the occurrence of the disease, and sprayed 2 to 3 times. In the early onset of the disease, the tyrosol was sprayed 1500 times with high-efficiency bactericide. Insect pests can be controlled according to the type and degree of occurrence, using beta cypermethrin, imidacloprid, diflubenzuron, abamectin, etc. Advocate mixed use of drugs, the implementation of disease and disease.
Problems in the cultivation of large cherry
Because of its special geographical location and climate characteristics, the Dalian area has a great taste, great commercial value, and high economic returns. The cherry industry has a very broad prospect for development. However, as the saying goes, “cherry is not easy to plant trees,†some farmers in the production of large cherry, failed to carry out scientific management according to its biological characteristics, causing the tree to send a bad one, affecting economic efficiency. In recent years, we have found that the following five issues should be brought to our attention.