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Whether or not Chinese scientists have commercialized the genetically modified rice
- In the absence of doubt about the safety of genetically modified rice, some Chinese scientists have vigorously promoted the commercial cultivation of this product, raising doubts about the associated interests. On December 1, a meeting of the Ministry of Agriculture quietly ended. The official did not announce the contents of the meeting, and participants also kept silent. However, investors have made a strong reaction. The next day, a stock limit called "Fengle Seed Industry" had a daily limit. "Someone wants to make a fortune," said an industry source. The stimulus for the investors is such a strong message: “China will become the first country in the world to grow GM rice commercially.†And “Fengle Seed Industry†has been described by some investors as “the first share of Chinese GM riceâ€. . Whether China can commercialize the cultivation of genetically modified rice in the near future will play a pivotal role. At the meeting, more than 50 scientists and officials of the Ministry of Agriculture who formed the "National Agriculture Transgenic Safety Committee" discussed the commercialization of genetically modified rice. If this decision is recently approved by the Ministry of Agriculture, China, the world’s largest producer and consumer of rice, will become the first country in the world to grow GM rice commercially. In 1999, following the commercial cultivation of genetically modified cotton in China, no more GM crops were approved for commercial planting. Now, many scientists believe that China's cautious attitude has changed. This meeting may become a turning point in China's cultivation of genetically modified rice. If approved, it means that many Chinese will eat GM rice instead of traditional rice, which is the first time in the world. "The world will shake it," said one person who has long been concerned about genetically modified crops. According to an exclusive news report from the newspaper, at the meeting, researcher Jia Shirong of the Institute of Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences had obtained more support from transgenic rice against bacterial blight than other varieties of transgenic rice. The results of the meeting have now been reported to the Ministry of Agriculture. At this time, Greenpeace, one of the world’s largest environmental organizations, disclosed to the newspaper alone that some GM scientists have mixed scientific research and private interests. If GM rice is commercialized, it’s not what they claim to be of great benefit. "Countries" and "farmers" are these scientists themselves. Is there a health risk: a stupid question? Not long ago, a proposal drafted by 16 academicians and other experts was handed to the leadership of the State Council. These experts include Zhang Qifa, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Huang Jiji, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Agricultural Policy Research Center. Zhang Xuan is a genetically engineered scientist. At this Beijing conference, he discussed one of his GM rice varieties. The Huang Ji?j has been vigorously calling for the commercialization of genetically modified crops in recent years. The report entitled "Recommendations for the Development of China's Genetically Modified Crops Research and Industrialization Strategy" reports that GM rice has completed various safety evaluation procedures and experimental links required for commercial production, and no safety risks have been found. The conditions for commercial production. Commercial production should be approved quickly. On December 1st, in Beijing, Greenpeace dictated a report titled "China's GM Rice Risks to Health and the Environment." This report was completed by Green Peace’s two scientific advisors in the United Kingdom, Dr. Sumeier and Dr. Jeanny Cotter. The report believes that the following issues have not been resolved in the safety assessment of genetically modified foods: will genetic modification bring damage to the human body? Can transgenes cause toxic or allergenic substances in gene products? As for the environment and agricultural economy, the report believes that there will be a negative impact on the genetic pollution of weedy rice and wild rice genetic resources. Shi Pengxiang is a project officer for Greenpeace in China. Over the past few years, he has been calling for the public to adopt a more cautious attitude toward genetically modified foods. He asked the genetically modified scientists: "You said that genetically modified foods are safe. Then, in your experiment, let rats eat for 3 months and be harmless. Can you explain that eating 50 years is harmless?" Transgenic scientist Jia Shirong answered "Lenin said that a stupid person mentions the problem, and 100 smart people cannot answer it." Jia Shirong is a research fellow at the Institute of Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. His genetically modified rice is being applied for commercial cultivation. He retorted: "I want to consult those who oppose him. How do he answer the following decades? Science is considered safe at the current level and it is safe. Science is dynamic and it can't be said for decades. But if there is a problem later, science will solve it.†He gave an example: This is like when a car was first invented. A European country thinks that the speed of the car is too fast and it is not safe, so it is prohibited by legislation. However, cars have appeared and become the main means of transportation for people. Looking back, such legislation is stupid. Like many genetically modified scientists, he likes to use such a statement: Until now, all genetically modified foods that have been scientifically evaluated and strictly approved by government agencies are safe and there has been no case of GM food poisoning or medical accidents. Moreover, none of the foods, including those produced by conventional breeding techniques, are 100% safe. However, Shi Pengxiang does not agree with this statement. He said that there is no genetically modified crop in the world. Like GM rice, it will become a staple food for humans. The safety of previous GM soybeans and genetically modified tomatoes cannot prove that GM rice is also safe. Xue Dayuan's researcher also disagrees with Jia Shirong. As the chief technical support expert of the State Environmental Protection Administration, he has been involved in the drafting and negotiation activities of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and Biosafety Protocol since 1988. He said: "Since you cannot scientifically prove that genetically modified rice will not cause harm to the human body, then you should establish preventive measures. This is the internationally accepted principle of prevention." In addition to the safety issues of use, some ecologists The reason for opposing GM rice is also the fear that it will destroy China's precious rice base bank, but Jia Shirong does not recognize this claim. He said: "We have an environmental safety report, and, when ratified, China adopts a prudent attitude, a province, a province and land grant to ensure that the GM rice varieties do not outflow." However, as the opposition Xue Dayuan has different conclusions. He went to Hebei Province and Anhui Province on four occasions in 2002 and 2003 respectively, where he inspected the cotton fields there and found that the management of genetically modified cotton varieties was confusing. Although the State Council has promulgated the “Regulations on the Management of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms,†the Ministry of Agriculture has issued the “Administrative Measures on the Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms†to make strict regulations on the environmental release and commercial production of genetically modified organisms. However, these regulations have not been strictly enforced at the local level. As seed companies and research institutes promote their own transgenic insect-resistant cotton, the source of insect-resistant cotton seeds in various regions is complex and varied. In Wuwei County, Anhui Province, the source of insect-resistant cotton seeds ranges from 50 to 100. A total of about 30 transgenic insect-resistant cotton varieties, including the US Monsanto Company and domestically-produced varieties, have been established, and there are even more than 10 varieties of transgenic insect-resistant cotton in one village. Some species even have no name. They were commissioned by the research unit and did not pass the national security assessment. Xue Dayuan believes that the management of rice will inevitably not be as chaotic as cotton. The strengthening of management by scientists may be entirely empty talk. Xue Dayuan emphasized that he does not oppose GM technology but pays more attention to risk assessment. “Why did those scientists rush to commercialize production before safety and management problems were solved?†he questioned. What is the driving force for commercial production? If the debate is only about security and management, then it is still a relatively easy problem to solve. Scientists who support the production of GM rice often focus their attention here. Huang Ji?j, director of the Agricultural Policy Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, has repeatedly emphasized that large-scale planting of genetically modified rice will not only increase the income of farmers, because the amount of pesticides will be reduced and the environment will also be improved. Planting genetically modified rice is in the national interest and is the consensus of genetically engineered scientists. However, the opposition groups have looked behind the GM rice scientists and even their moneybags. Xue Dayuan, the main technical support expert of the State Environmental Protection Administration, pointed out that scientists and related departments have other motivations on this issue: First, the scientists' research results need to be promoted and benefited. Secondly, for many years, the national science and technology departments have invested heavily in genetic research. Hundreds of units across the country have studied transgenes. Except for genetically modified cotton, only the transgenic rice project is currently mature. In the past few years, only input, no output, and pressure are great. They are eager to produce results. Therefore, they are eager to commercialize production as soon as possible. According to an investigation by Greenpeace, it is not the farmers that benefit the most from planting genetically modified crops, but scientists and biotech companies. The GM technology has patent rights, and scientists and bio companies hold patents and will gain huge commercial benefits. Take the example of Monsanto, the global giant of genetically modified agriculture. In 2001, more than 90% of the total planted area of ​​global genetically modified crops was Monsanto's products. There is only one type of genetically modified soybean in the world. It is the anti-glyphosate transgenic soybean of Monsanto, an American company. All GM crops on the market are protected by patents. This means that farmers are required to pay for patents on seeds, and they cannot retain seeds themselves. They need to buy seed from seed companies every year. Greenpeace believes that the same thing will happen in China. In the case of genetically modified cotton grown in the past few years, such an example has already taken place. Greenpeace believes that among the promoters of the commercial production of genetically modified rice, it seems that they can see the shadow of the large international interest groups. If China can open the door to the commercialization of genetically modified rice, then the United States will continue to enter China with genetically modified seeds. "Since you can plant genetically modified rice, why can't we plant genetically modified soybeans?" Moreover, due to the domino effect, other countries, including the agricultural giant, India, will also open their doors to the United States. On September 2, Cheng Guoqiang, a researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council, pointed out in a meeting that the Chinese soybean industry should pay attention to avoiding the “Latin Americanization†trap. He gave an example: In the first years of inventing GM soybeans, a U.S. biologic company once used the banner of “using advanced biotechnology to help poor countries develop food production†and distributed GM soybean seeds to South America for free. When farmers in these countries have become accustomed to planting genetically modified soybeans, the American biological company also said that farmers who want to continue to plant genetically modified soybeans in the future must pay “property tax†to the company. At this time, it was discovered that the land on which GM soybeans had been sown could no longer be sown with traditional soybean crops. These countries have completely fallen into the trap set by the American bio-company. Wu Kongming, a researcher at the Plant Protection Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said: “There are a lot of organizations that want China to take this step. There are political forces behind this and there are big interest groups that influence every aspect of it. Therefore, this was originally a scientific issue but developed. The situation of becoming highly stressed makes the national decision-makers pay attention to it." Does the role of scientists conflict? So, if the genetically modified rice is commercialized, does the scientist have any self-interest? Shi Pengxiang believes that on December 2nd, the fast limit of Fengle Seed Industry provided an interesting specimen. The company has issued an announcement: "The company decided to establish a Sino-Fengle Biotechnology Co., Ltd. jointly with the Institute of Genetics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences to research and develop new strains of insect-resistant transgenic hybrid rice." If the GM rice is grown commercially Who was the first to get rich when it was passed? "It's scientists and companies behind them." Shi Pengxiang said. Such an example already exists in China. Shenzhen Genesis GM Technology Co., Ltd. is a private joint-stock enterprise with a patent for China's GM cotton. The patent holder Guo Sandui was a researcher at the Institute of Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. He took shares in the patent, so that the Institute of Biotechnology and himself owned 33% of the company’s shares with a registered capital of 80 million yuan. A person in charge of a Genesis company told this newspaper that Guo Sanhei’s own shares accounted for 6.6%. After the recent transfer of partial equity, he still holds 5% of the shares. At present, it is 4 million yuan. "Of course, in fact, it's more than that," said the person in charge. Before this, Guo Sandui once criticized Greenpeace: "They don't understand genetic engineering and they don't consider the lives and the peasants." Now, Greenpeace criticizes genetically modified scientists: They are not concerned only with the "national interest" and "peasants". Benefits" Perhaps, they care more about their wallets. In the investigation, Greenpeace also discovered some intricate interests of genetically modified scientists and supporters. The Minister of Agriculture Policy Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huang Ji?j, who strongly urged the GM rice, is a staff member of the Institute of Biotechnology where the genetically modified scientist Jia Shirong is located. At the same time, he also serves on the Genesis Genesis Technology Co., Ltd., where Mr. Jia Shirong is a director. If Huang Jijiu's call for the commercialization of genetically modified rice is successful, then Jia Shirong is one of the beneficiaries. Whether Huang’s wife or herself would benefit from it could not help but make some associations. In this regard, Huang Ji?j told this newspaper that most of his articles supporting GM were written from 1999 to 2001, and his wife was only involved in that company in 2001. A scientist recalled that many of Huang's influential articles on genetic modification were published since 2001. This differs from Huang's statement. "Greenpeace is very ridiculous to fight against genetically modified rice in order to fight against the GM rice," said Huang Ji?j. Huang Ji?j said that he also submitted a report specifically to propose that companies such as "Genesis" should not operate this way: "It is not good for scientists to create companies, scientists, and commercial interests." Peace completely agrees, but Shi Pengxiang said: "According to this logic, should Huang's wife also avoid suspicion?" And Jia Shirong is a person of various identities. He is a genetically modified scientist, a member of the Committee of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, and a member of Genesis. The chief scientist and director of the company have commercial interests. Now he applies for the commercial production of GM rice to the safety committee he is in. Moreover, he applied for the genetically modified rice varieties, and the Ministry of Agriculture's Office of Genetically Modified Organisms entrusted Peng Yufa, the Institute of Plant Protection of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, to conduct an environmental impact assessment. According to a survey conducted by Greenpeace, Jia Shirong and Peng Yufa are years of research partners. Jia Shirong told the newspaper that he and Peng Yufa had indeed written articles together to refute the statement that “Green Peace†“GM crops will pollute the environmentâ€. "What's wrong with this?" he asked. He vehemently retorted: “This is Greenpeace is looking for blind children. Although I am a member of the Safety Committee, I evade and do not participate in the discussion. Besides, what can I have for personal gain?†Shi Pengxiang asked the question: “In GM rice After commercial production, if the GM scientists can guarantee that, first, they will not set up their own companies and sell the seeds at a high price to the farmers. Second, they will not sell the patents to enterprises at high prices, and they will not sell every grain to farmers. When the seeds are collected, the patent fee will be paid. Well, Greenpeace has nothing to say.†The reason why Greenpeace has a strong questioning attitude is that Wu Kongming, a researcher at the Plant Protection Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, explained: “They believe that technology will be used by large multinational companies. Monopoly. However, China's genetically modified technology is basically a country, which is different from that of foreign countries." However, Jia Shirong's anti-bacterial bacterium against bacterial blight does not specifically belong to the Chinese. On December 8, Jia Shirong told the newspaper that he had used the gene with the consent of the University of California, Davis, through a partner in the United States. His research partner in the United States is the California International Tropical Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory. According to a survey conducted by Greenpeace, the main goal of this laboratory is to promote biotechnology in developing countries. The United States GM giant Monsanto is one of their partners. The next question is: If Jia Shirong's GM rice is approved, will Americans charge Chinese farmers for patent fees in the future? On 8 December, in a phone interview with Jia Shirong, Jia Shirong did not want to answer this question. Finally, he said: “That is a commercialization promotion. Let's talk about it in detail.†Chinese scientists often perform “nationalist†expressions before that. It is said that the development of domestic GM technology will break the monopoly of foreign companies. Greenpeace denies this claim. Shi Pengxiang said: "Those scientists themselves said, 'To build China's own Monsanto'. From the example of genetically modified cotton, if they become Monsanto in China, they will monopolize seeds, their relationship with farmers, and Monsanto. There is no difference in relations with the farmers.†Moreover, he said: “China’s situation will be worse than that of Monsanto. Because the big companies abroad are using their own money to research and develop. We use the money of the country, but the products we developed are Exclusively monopolized by scientists. In the end, the public’s money became a private interest.†Greenpeace proposed that the scientific issues of genetically modified rice have not been completely solved, there are many loopholes in the management, and as scientists responsible to the people, Should scientists responsible for science be more cautious? There is no normal academic discussion? A scientist told this newspaper that three years ago, the Ministry of Agriculture held a meeting to solicit opinions on agricultural genetic management measures. Some people raised the issue of strict genetically modified food labeling and other management issues, resulting in the besieging of four or five genetically modified scientists. "They attack other people's weapons that people do not understand?" Xue Dayuan said. There is no atmosphere for academic discussion. Only by pressure, people slowly dare not speak. In the interview, the newspaper found that most of the food safety experts in the safety committee were reluctant to speak. One environmental protection expert told the newspaper that after large-scale commercial production of genetically modified rice, it certainly had an impact on the environment, but some results were not yet announced. However, he does not want to reveal his name. "We have to eat in the future," said one biologist. Xue Dayuan believes that the current discussion on genetically modified rice is not normal. “The voice of objection is very weak, because the scientific research subject is controlled by others. Scientists who engage in risk assessment are reluctant to raise objections, they are found problems, and they are rarely proposed. Everyone is cheered. Once passed, scientists who engage in genetic development gain a lot. Scientists who engage in risk assessment do not lose anything. Therefore, not everyone can perform their duties.†Xue Dayuan is a scientist who rarely emphasizes risk assessment and risk management and carefully conducts commercial production. He said that according to the normal procedure, even if the security certificate is obtained and commercial production is to be carried out, it will take two years for regional planting trials before seed production can be carried out. "But those people want to get it early. Now that the safety certificate hasn't been obtained, we started trying." Also, two-thirds of the 58 national agricultural GMO safety committees responsible for issuing genetically modified safety certificates are genetically modified scientists. Many of the involved people are applying for patents and applicants for adoption. There are very few members in the area of ​​environmental protection and food safety. There are only a few people. So is the evaluation done in this way fair and equitable? However, he believes that, fortunately, the managers of the Ministry of Agriculture are still relatively clear-headed, have been cautious, and hope to have some arguments. “The debate is too little now.†The main food for himself will be changed, and most of the public in China are unaware of it. Wu Kongming, a member of the CAAC and a researcher at the Plant Protection Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, explained this: “What should we do? Is it a national referendum? The common people’s knowledge background is not the same.†And Shi Pengxiang said: “This kind of logic Too extreme. We didn’t ask for a referendum, but your scientific report can be made public. Your report is not only open to the public but also not to other scientists. What we want is an informed system, not a referendum.†Shi Pengxiang believes that if If the general public does not understand GM technology, they must not participate in genetic decision-making. Only scientists in that field can evaluate their products, which will lead to hegemony of scientists. On December 7, a staff member of the Genetically Modified Office of the Ministry of Agriculture in charge of this work told the newspaper: “The results of this meeting have not yet come out, there are still some procedures to go.†But there are indications that the genetically modified scientists seem to have occupied this time. Got the upper hand. Jia Shirong's disease-resistant genetically modified rice has received the support of most people. But this is not without controversy. On December 8, a rice scientist who asked not to be named told this newspaper: “For bacterial blight, traditional breeding techniques have been successfully solved, and it is very easy to solve. Why use genetically unknown technology with unknown risks? According to the internal information received by this newspaper, most of the people in this conference supported the commercial production of disease-resistant genetically modified rice. However, this is not the final decision and still needs to be discussed at the ministry's cascade meeting. They will decide whether the Chinese are the first to eat GM rice in the world.