Oseltamivir Phosphate (Oseltamivir phosphate) is often referred to as "Tamiflu" (Tamiflu). Produced and sold by the Roche Group, launched in Switzerland in 1999, and launched in China in 2001. It is the most commonly used and one of the most effective drugs against avian influenza, H1N1 influenza virus and influenza B virus. Reducing the incidence of influenza complications can also reduce the use of other medicines, and Tamiflu can increase the survival rate of influenza patients by about 37%.
But it also has large side effects, especially for children. And its price is more expensive to take twice a day, 75mg each time, the retail price of medicines is equivalent to 60 yuan per day, and a course of 5 days is equivalent to about 300 yuan. In addition, taking Tamiflu before the flu has no preventive effect on flu.
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Bream broodstock breeding method
Trout farming originates from some developed countries in Europe and America. The cultured trout has a history of more than two hundred years. The cultured species include rainbow trout, hard-headed clam, and Atlantic salmon, and the trout culture output of the world has reached more than 2 million tons. In 1959, China began to farm trout. The currently cultivated species mainly include rainbow trout and gold trout. The total aquatic product aquaculture production in the country has reached more than 30 million tons, while trout production is still less than 10,000 tons. The proportion of trout production in the aquaculture production of the country is very small. This aspect is related to the special requirements for environmental conditions of trout farming, and it is mainly related to the relatively less research on trout farming techniques in China. Many farming techniques Links are not yet fully mature, such as seed breeding, disease prevention, feed preparation, etc., are all references and lessons from foreign technology. In order to widely popularize squid farming and make full use of China’s abundant cold water resources, we must first provide sufficient and excellent seedlings. The supply of carp seedlings is mainly to produce eye eggs. However, there are almost no farms with large scale and high grades, and squid has to rely on imports for its oviparous eggs. The squid broodstock is the material basis for squid farming. To produce high quality squid, it is necessary to cultivate squid broodstock. The author's personal experience in breeding eels for many years described some of the practices of herring broodstock breeding as follows. I. Selection and preparation of ponds 1. Selection of ponds The common use of the pond culture is cold-water aquaculture. Most of the pond water is used in tandem. Therefore, the bream broodstock pond should be selected in the most upstream pond. This ensures that the water that enters the broodstock is fresh, and that fish diseases do not easily infect the squid broodstock. The area of ​​the pond should be determined according to the number of broodstock that are planned to be cultured to ensure that the brooding broodstock swim freely. Generally, it should be more than 100 square meters, the pond depth is 80 cm, and the water energy can be increased to 50 cm. 2. Preparation of the pond After selecting the pond where the broodstock is to be cultivated, the water in the pond should be completely drained. After cleaning the mud and debris from the bottom of the pond, it should be cleaned with lime or bleach, in addition to thoroughly sterilizing the bottom of the pond. The wall must be thoroughly disinfected. The specific disinfection method is to melt quicklime or bleach into water, and then spill it over the pool, do not immediately fill water after disinfection, and expose it to the sun for 3 to 5 days. After disinfection, check the inlet and drain gates of the pond and repair the damaged gates and bars. Second, the selection and retention of broodstock 1. The choice of broodstock The broodstock includes female and male fish. The female and male must come from two breeding areas and cannot have close relationship. The squid that is planned to be kept as a broodstock should be cultured alone. The squid should be constantly selected during the breeding process. The group should choose the best and the poor. Qualitative breeding should be conducted. The group that plans to choose the female fish must not leave the male fish. The group that plans to choose the male fish can never leave the female fish. It is necessary to establish parental mating relationship files on their own farms to ensure the good traits of future generations. In order to produce breeding grounds for the production of oviposites, broodstock should be selected every year. During the production process, broodstock with poor fertility should be eliminated and new brooders should be added. Guarantee the number of parent groups as needed. 2. Restocking of broodstock Newly selected broodstock and broodstock that have just been artificially reared cannot be mixed for the time being. The broodstock that has just been artificially reared have a weak constitution and poor feeding capacity. Therefore, the broodstock that have been artificially propagated should be reared. Keep alone, wait until the constitution is fully recovered and then put it into the broodstock pond for artificial breeding in the next year. The male and female individuals in the early stage of broodstock breeding are polycultured with the pool, and one month before the artificial breeding, the male and female pools are separately reared. The stocking density of broodstock broodstock is 3 to 5 fish per square meter of water when the male and female individuals are polycultured, and the stocking density is reduced by half when the male and female individuals are bred. 3. Restoration of broodstock after reproduction The broodstock of scombroid fish consumes a lot after being artificially propagated and has a weak constitution. Therefore, special attention should be paid in actual production to ensure the survival rate of broodstock after breeding. The broodstock that has just been artificially bred has a longer time to leave the water and should be gently placed into the pool when it is placed. The location is chosen to be relatively gentle in the upper reaches of the pool water. If the broodstock that is placed is lying on the bottom of the pool, it must be gently toggled. It slowly swims. The fed feed is more nutritious than usual, and it is best to feed some easily digested feed. Add antibiotics to the feed and increase the vitamin content. Feeding more carefully than usual, slowly feeding a long time, try to ensure that postpartum broodstock feed as soon as possible. The water in and out of the post-partum broodstock pool should be as gentle as possible. Do not form rapids and reduce the energy consumption of the fish. If we pay attention to the recovery of postpartum broodstock, we can greatly increase its survival rate and ensure the number of broodstock produced in the next year. 3. Feed and feeding of squid broodstock 1. Selection and preparation of feedstuffs The squid rearing ponds are basically cement pools. There is almost no natural feed in the ponds, and the nutrition depends entirely on artificial feeds. Therefore, the choice of high-quality full-priced feeds is preferred. It is the key to farming salmon. The feed of the squid broodstock can directly select the commodity feed. The broodstock feed has comprehensive nutrition, stable quality, and low labor intensity in the breeding process, but the price is high and the storage time is long, which easily leads to nutritional loss. If you prepare your own feed, you must strictly control the quality of raw materials, and each type of raw material must not be degraded. The amount of formulated feed protein should be above 42%, and animal protein should account for more than 80% and fat content should be 6%. The content of minerals and vitamins should be abundant, and it is best to use fresh, processed, and currently fed. Specific formula: 50% of imported fishmeal, 10% of meat and bone meal, 20% of protein powder, 5% of blood meal, 5% of wolfberry powder, 5% of secondary powder, and 5% of soybean oil. Additives are added as per the amount of pro-fish premix to be purchased. If the pre-mix contains no carotenoids, add 40 to 60 ppm of carotenoids. If possible, animal feeds such as fresh wild fish and animal viscera can be fed. Feeding fresh live food baits must be clean, strict quality control, and the source of the disease must not be fed. 2. The feeding of feedstuffs for squid has large individuals, slow action, and relatively small stocking densities. Be patient and careful in actual feeding. Feed slowly and ensure that each fish can eat each time it is fed. feed. When using finished feeds or self-formulated feeds, if additional antibiotics, vitamins, carotene, etc. are to be added, the amount of substances to be added is calculated first, dissolved in warm water, the feed to be added is spread flat, and evenly sprayed with a sprayer. On the feed, it can be fed after drying indoors. The feeding amount of broodstock is 0.5% of the fish body weight, and the feeding is flexible. When the broodstock of the squid is reduced, the feeding amount can be reduced. However, it is necessary to analyze in a timely manner to find out the reason for the decrease of feeding, which is generally taken during the breeding season. Reductions, or changes in water quality, feed changes, etc., also result in reduced food intake. For feeds raised by squid broodstock, if there are animal foods such as live wild fish, they can be fed for a long period of time, but it must be ensured that at least 0.2% of the finished feed is fed every day, otherwise, if fresh animal feed is not guaranteed, feed it again. Finished feeds tend to cause changes in feeding habits and induce disease. Fresh animal feed is calculated at 30 kg of finished feed per 100 kg. For example, if the broodstock is bred at 1,000 kg, the feed amount per day is 0.5%, and all the finished feeds are fed. The daily feed amount is 5 kg. If fresh animal feed is to be fed. The finished feed can not be less than 0.2%, that is, 2 kg of finished product is put every day, and 10 kg of fresh animal feed is fed. Feed twice daily at 9:00 and 17:00. Feeding fresh animal feed can increase the fertility, fertilization rate, and eye-opening rate of squid, and ultimately increase the survival rate of fish fry breeding. Therefore, when squid broodstock is bred, try to feed some fresh animal feed as much as possible. IV. Feeding and Management 1. Water Quality Management Catfish are generally bred and the water quality is relatively fresh. It is mainly to control the amount of water flow. It is necessary to increase the flow rate three months before the artificial breeding. The water exchange volume can reach 10 times per day. During the recovery stage of the pro-breeding broodstock, the flow rate should be small, the water flow should be gentle, the daily exchange volume should be 5 times, and exchanged 7 times a day. 2. The daily management often checks the entrance and exit bar grills. If any damage is repaired in time, the sludge should be promptly removed to ensure smooth water circulation. When feeding, observe the fish's feeding condition carefully and encounter abnormal phenomena. Analyze and resolve as soon as possible. During the rainy season and the end of the fall, it is necessary to increase the number of patrol ponds, and timely clean up debris such as rain washed up from the rain and fallen leaves to prevent silting and blocking of the fish traps. 3. Pond dredging The broodstock bred pool should be regularly cleaned of feces and other debris deposited at the bottom of the pond. When clearing, first use the net to catch all the fish to the inlet, increase the flow of the pool, use shovels and other tools to clean up the pool of sludge. Sludge pumps can also be used to extract the deposited and gathered dirt. Generally need to be cleaned once a month, cleaning time is generally selected at 14:00, when the weather is warm, and the feeding time has been 5 hours past the morning, feeding time from the afternoon there are 5 hours, can not affect the normal fish Feeding. 4. Fish Disease Prevention and control of carp aquaculture water requirements are relatively high, the general culture of diseases is less, mainly protozoan parasites disease, in the feed regularly add some insecticide can completely solve. Since all of the trout farming is artificially fed, there is almost no natural feed in the pond. Therefore, the feed must be nutritious and the raw materials must be fresh, otherwise it will be prone to nutritional problems. The feed requirements of the squid broodstock are even stricter, especially minerals. And vitamins must be comprehensive and increase the amount of vitamins that are easily lost. Try to feed some fresh live foods on a regular basis, or add some fresh plant juices to the feed. For broodstock breeding, the first choice is to keep the broodstock with high-quality genetics, the second is to feed the nutritious food, and the third is to focus on every small part of the breeding process. Only by grasping the key link of squid broodstock breeding can we produce high quality squid eggs for squid, so as to ensure that the material foundation of squid farming is solid and the squid industry can develop in a healthy, sustained and rapid manner.