Vitamin additive premix
Vitamins are low molecular compounds necessary to maintain the normal physiological functions of the animal's body. In the absence of vitamins in the feed, the body's physiological function will be dysfunctional and various vitamin deficiencies will occur. Therefore, vitamins are essential nutrients for life support.
There are many types of vitamins, usually divided into two categories according to their solubility, namely fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K) and water-soluble vitamins (vitamin B and vitamin C).
Since bovine rumen microorganisms can synthesize vitamin K and B vitamins, the liver and kidney can synthesize vitamin C. Therefore, in general, no additional calories are required except for calves. However, sufficient vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E must be provided in the diet to meet the needs of cows and beef cattle in different physiological periods.
It is also reported that niacin plays an important role in the nutritional metabolism and milk production of dairy cows. Generally, 3 grams to 6 grams of niacin per cow is fed in the early stage of lactation or before the birth, which can prevent ketosis and milk production in cows. The amount can also be significantly improved. In the summer, high-yield cows add 6 grams of niacin per head per day, which also increases milk production.
The amount of vitamin added should be determined according to the nutritional requirements of different varieties and different physiological periods. Insufficient and excessive vitamins have an adverse effect on the health and performance of cattle.
In the absence of vitamin A, the growth and development of calves will be stagnant, the fur is rough and dull, the conception rate is low, and the postpartum uterus is inflamed, which seriously affects the production performance. When vitamin D is deficient, the yak has rickets, and the adult cows show osteoporosis. The main symptom of vitamin E deficiency is skeletal muscle degeneration of yak, resulting in dyskinesia, and the reproductive rate of adult cattle is reduced.
Excessive vitamin addition not only causes waste, but also causes poisoning. Excessive vitamin A can cause loss of appetite, itchy skin, joint swelling and pain, bone hyperplasia, weight loss; excessive vitamin D, can cause increased blood calcium, bone loss of calcium salts, osteoporosis and so on.
Trace element additive premix
Trace mineral elements commonly used as feed additives include iron, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, iodine, cobalt, etc., which play an irreplaceable role in other substances in the body. Iron, copper and cobalt are indispensable elements of hematopoiesis and play a synergistic role. Manganese is a component of many enzymes involved in the metabolism of sugar, protein and fat. It is also one of the essential components for the formation of chondroitin sulfate, which promotes calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body. And the formation of bones; iodine is an essential element for the formation of thyroxine in the thyroid gland. In the absence of iodine, it is mainly characterized by decreased goiter and metabolic function, hindered growth and development, and loss of fertility. Zinc is a component of various enzymes in the body and is also insulin. Ingredients, zinc mainly participates in various metabolic activities in the body through these enzymes and hormones; selenium is a component of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione can eliminate the toxic effects of lipid peroxides, protect cells and The subcellular membrane is protected from peroxides.
Due to the small amount of vitamins and trace elements added to the feed, the mixed premix is ​​also prone to poisoning in the feed, which brings a lot of inconvenience to the farmers.
Buffer additive premix
Add period
When high-yielding dairy cows eat more concentrated feed, it is easy to cause increased acidity in the rumen, inhibition of rumen microbial activity, causing digestive disorders, decreased milk fat percentage and triggering some diseases related to this. In order to prevent the occurrence of such diseases, the following conditions should be Consider adding a buffer:
Early lactation.
The concentrate in the diet accounts for more than 50%. The roughage is almost entirely silage. The milk fat percentage decreased significantly or the appetite of the lactating cows decreased in summer, and the dry matter intake decreased significantly. The concentrate and the coarse material are separately fed separately.
There are many types of buffers, generally sodium bicarbonate (sodium bicarbonate), sodium carbonate (alkali), but high-yield cows with a daily milk content of more than 30 kg, plus magnesium oxide or bentonite. .
The amount of various buffers added
Sodium bicarbonate accounts for 0.7% to 1.5% of the dry matter intake of the diet, or 1.4% to 3.0% of the concentrate.
Magnesium oxide accounts for 0.3% to 0.4% of the dry matter intake of the diet, or 0.6% to 0.8% of the concentrate.
Bentonite accounts for 0.6%~0.8% of the dry matter intake of the diet, or 1.2%~1.6% of the concentrate.
The combination of baking soda and magnesia is better, and the mixture of the two accounts for about 0.8% of the cow's concentrate (70% of baking soda in the mixture and 30% of magnesium oxide).