Gastrodia standardized cultivation techniques
Gastrodia is also known as the wind-grass, a plant of orchids and a traditional Chinese medicine. The use of tubers as a medicine, gas Qizheng, flat liver and wind, set the role of convulsions. Can cure dizziness, limb numbness, epilepsy, convulsions in children, hypertension, ear-derived vertigo embolism. Gastrodia mainly produces Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan and Guangxi also produce. There are still trials in northern Guangdong and northwestern Guangdong. Ecological characteristics 1. Relationship between Gastrodia growth and Armillaria Gastrodia Gastrodiae is a strange plant with no roots and no green leaves. Its tubers permeate into the soil all year round and cannot be used for photosynthesis. Because it does not directly receive soil nutrients and nutrition-producing organs, it mainly relies on a wild fungus called "Armillaria" to supply nutrients for normal growth and reproduction. Therefore, cultivation of Armillaria is the most important task in the cultivation of Gastrodia. Second, the growth characteristics of Armillariella Armillariella is a saprophytic fungus of the genus Armillariae of the genus Armillaris. In the alpine forests, the wild decaying tree stumps, roots, and fallen tree trunks and branches often grow wild A. mellea, especially in the wet places on both sides of the creek. Therefore, there are wild honey rings in all areas where wild gastrodin grows. bacteria. Armillaria most like to grow in ph5.5-6 slightly acidic soil zone. The development stage of Armillaria can be divided into two parts: mycelium and fruit body. Third, the growth environment of Gastrodia Wild Gastrodia more growth in the summer cool, 1000-1800 meters above sea level, the annual rainfall in the 1400-1600 mm, relative humidity of 80% -90%, soil moisture 50% -70%, the temperature does not exceed 25°C cool environment. Production practice shows that artificially planted gastrodiae can be carried out in areas with an altitude of 800-1800 meters, but it is suitable for areas with an altitude of 1100-1600 meters. If manual control of soil temperature and humidity can be achieved, gastrodia elata can be planted in low-altitude flat-dam areas and indoors, and it can also be cultivated in basements and air-raid shelters. Tianma grows in loose, humus, and slightly acidic soils with good air permeability. Poor growth in clay (eg wet yellow mud). Cultivation techniques First, the election site preparation site According to the characteristics of cool nature of gastrodia, in the mountainous areas above 1,500 meters above sea level, the general low temperature, high humidity, should choose the shade of Yangshan; in the low mountain area below 1000 meters above sea level, generally The temperature is high and dry, especially in the summer and autumn, continuous high-temperature drought often occurs. The shade slope or semi-shady slope forest should be selected. In the area between 1100 and 1600 meters above sea level, the temperature and humidity are often between high mountains and low mountains. In accordance with local climatic conditions, it is advisable to choose the semi-neglected and semi-yang forests. Gastrodia elata is not very strict with respect to soil requirements, but it is suitable for sandy soil and sandy loam, where the soil is deep, rich in humus, loose and fertile, and well-drained land. Gastrodia elata is required to have a relatively high soil moisture content, and it is generally required to maintain a humidity of 50% or more for a long period of time. However, an excessively moist accumulation of water does not facilitate its growth. For site preparation requirements, we can directly dig holes or plant trenches as long as we cut off dense trees, bamboo forests or large stones, and remove earth and stone slag and weeds. Second, the propagation methods are seed propagation and tuber propagation. At present, tuber propagation is mainly used in production. However, whether seed propagation or tuber propagation is used, according to the characteristics that the gastrodia must be symbiosis with Armillaria mellea to obtain the growth of the bacteria's nutrients, the cultivated gastrodia must first cultivate Armillaria mellea on the wood (wood rod), that is, culture the bacteria. , and then cultivate. 1. Culture of bacterial material, refers to wood with honey ring fungus. 1 Preparation of strains The species of bacteria can be considered in several ways: first, the collection of natural wild strains; second, the use of old strains of bacteria that have been associated with the cultivation of natural gastrodin; third, the cultivation of new strains of bacteria; and fourth, indoor cultivation of pure strains of bacteria . 2 There are many species of wood that can produce Armillaria mellea. Generally, broad-leaved forest species are used. According to local experience, the commonly used tree species are: alfalfa, cork oak, chestnut, green bar walnut, maple, populus sinensis, falcon, wild cherry, flower eucalyptus and other trees. 3 cultivation period in outdoor cultivation in 3-8 months can be. It is usually better to start the growth of the trunk from March to April. In June-August, the culture materials are cultivated, the soil temperature is high, and the armillaria grows fast. The cultivation time can be shortened relatively and the nutrients of the bacteria materials can be maintained, but care must be taken to avoid the infection of the bacteria. After September, the temperature dropped, and Armillariella grew slowly. It could not be used and should not be carried out. If the conditions are suitable for the four seasons cultivation of bacteria, it can be cultivated before the Tianma planting from February to April. 4 Methods for cultivation of bacterial materials The methods for cultivating bacterial materials include methods of cultivation, kilning, and culture of fixed bacteria. In contrast to the latter, the former two methods are also called active bacterial culture. The cultivated material can be used with it when it is planted. Pile cultivation method: Select the place where the cultivated gastrodia elata is to be cultivated. Prepare a new piece of wood that has been prepared and lay it on the ground one by one. The width of the bacterial material pile is about 60 cm. After the first floor is laid, sprinkle fresh water on it, and evenly spread the cultivated materials with no bacteria. If the strains are not enough, one or two small pieces can be placed between every two pieces of wood. Seedlings, and sprinkle a small amount of litter or rice husks as filler, and then pave the second layer of wood plus seed and filler, so that repeated layers of stacked, can be deposited 5-6 layers, Pile up to about 60 cm high. Kiln cultivation method: The excavation can be done in open forest or other bare land for kiln. The size of the kiln can be determined according to the topography and the number of culture materials. Generally, 150-200 kiln cultures are suitable and should not be too much. 2, planted Tianma 1 asexual propagation and cultivation method The use of gastrodin tubers as breeding materials for the cultivation method is called asexual cultivation method. 2 active bacteria material plus new wood with the planting method according to the specific conditions of the planting site digging kiln, kiln width 6-8 cm wide length of the material, the kiln length is uncertain, to be able to put 5-20 roots of the material is appropriate; kiln deep local conditions, The bottom of the kiln is loosened 6-10 centimeters, and it is formed into a ramp shape. Then, it can be used to lay the bacteria and plant the gastrodia. 3 Sexual Propagation The method of planting seed with seed is called sexual reproduction. The use of seed-breeding white-headed hemp and rice hemp as a seed hemp has strong vitality, is not easily degraded, and has a large propagation coefficient, and is an important way to cultivate gastrodia elata. Field management 1. Irrigation Gastrodia elata and Armillaria species require adequate water and moisture conditions for their growth and reproduction. If the soil moisture content is maintained at 50% or more, artificial irrigation is not necessary; if drought and rain are encountered, a large number of new sprouts will be killed, especially in the July-August period of vigorous growth of gastrodia, the drought will reduce the production and the loss will be even greater. Big. Therefore, in areas with less rainfall and dry seasons, they should be watered in time, usually once every 3-4 days, but the amount of water should not be too large, should be diligently poured and diligently fed to keep the soil moist. Second, weeding loose soil gastrodin generally do not weeding, if harvested for many years in batches, in the middle of May before and after the emergence of arrowheads should be eradicated ground weeds, or arrowhead unearthed after weeding difficult. Armillaria mellea is an aerobic fungus, and the circulation of air promotes its growth. Therefore, after heavy rain or irrigation, loose topsoil should be used to facilitate air flow and protect droughts. Loose soil should not be too deep so as to avoid damage to newborn urticaria and Armillaria. Third, supplement the bacteria Tianma planted 2 years later, in winter or early spring to promptly replenish fresh bacteria material, the new bacteria material buried next to the old bacteria material, in order to ensure that Tianma has a steady supply of nutrients, promote stable production and high yield. Fourth, check the growth of the ground temperature if the ground temperature is lower than minus 4 °C, Tianma easy to be frost damage; above 28 °C, gastrodin growth inhibited, so before winter over thicker cover soil or grass to prevent freezing damage; summer should take shade, To avoid the effects of high temperatures. Fifth, pest control mold: in the form of mycelium distribution on the surface of the bacteria material, was flaky, and some sticky and sticky smell, a lot of damage to Armillaria and gastrodia. Prevention and control measures: 1 The cultivated land should be made of permeable, sandy soil with good air permeability. Do not choose rehabilitated land, clay or pond water. The two kinds of bacteria and bacteria must be pure and the heavily contaminated material should not be used. 3 When planting Gastrodia elata and cultivating Armillariella, the space between the bacterial materials should be filled with soil to avoid leaving empty and prone to germs. 4 increase the amount of bacteria, promote the vigorous growth of Armillariella, which inhibit the growth of bacteria. Locust: In the period of June-August, if there is a drought in summer, there are often a large number of aphids that live on stems of gastrodia and suck sap and endanger the growth and flowering of the plant. Harvesting and Processing 1. The harvested commodity hemp (arrowhead) grows up within one year, so it is excavated after one year after planting. The second or third year of winter planting will be harvested in the early spring; the spring will be planted in the winter of the current year or harvested in the spring of the second year. Gastrodin generally enters dormant excavation (ie, winter excavation) in the tuber, so its processing rate is high and its quality is good; premature tuber development is not complete, and late tuber nutrient consumption will affect the yield and quality. General harvesting and planting can be carried out simultaneously. The method of harvesting is to slowly open the topsoil, uncover the material, that is, exposing the gastrodia, carefully removing the gastrodia to prevent bruises, and then excavate around to search for gastrodia in the deeper soil layer. The excavated commodities, such as hemp, seed hemp, and rice hemp, will be placed in a separate manner, and will be planted with seed hemp. The rice hemp will continue to be cultivated and the commodity will be processed into medicine. Second, processing and harvesting of Gastrodia should be processed in time, especially the March-June harvest digging of Hemp should not be stored, otherwise it will affect the quality. During processing, cut off the stems from the ground, remove the mud, and grind the soil with a thin iron or tiled bowl, and then inhale the water into three grades: big, medium, and small. After the water is boiled, add a small amount of wolfberry, and then put the planed gastrodia elata in boiling water for 10-20 minutes, and stir it evenly with bamboo chopsticks. Cooking time should be based on the size of gastrodia and the strength of the fire may be, generally 1-2 to cook 15-20 minutes, a small cook 10-15 minutes, or remove a gastrodia facing the light, has been transparent and no black heart, or by hand Pressing the gastrodiae to make a buzz sound means that the boiled time is suitable, and then remove the gastrodia elata into cold water. If the boiling time is too long, it will reduce the dry rate. After cooling, it can be topped or dried. Gastrodia is best used charcoal or aseptic coal drying pit, the firepower should be small, then slowly increase, the maximum does not exceed 90 °C, maintain around 70-80 °C, bake to 78% dry out, squash with wood, If there is bamboo flattening after the flattening of the bamboo sticks, the firepower should be reduced to about 50-60°C, and the firepower should not be overdone. Generally, it can be dried continuously for 3-4 days. When it is on the second time, it can be added to the charcoal fire with sulfur ball to bake and bake, so that the processed product is white and transparent and of high quality.