Harm of Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is a disease transmitted primarily through blood. Chronic
infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause chronic inflammatory
necrosis and fibrosis of the liver, which may progress into hepatic
cellular cancer (HCC), extremely harmful for the patient's health and
life. Hepatitis C has become a serious social and public health problem
in the world.
1.Etiology and Natural History of Hepatitis C
2.Prevalence of Hepatitis C
3.Transmission Route and Susceptible Population
4.Low Awareness Rate of Hepatitis C
5.Harm of Hepatitis C
6.Prevention and Control of Hepatitis C
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Management of dairy cows in critical period
The feeding of dairy cows can be divided into four stages: early lactation (70 days after childbirth), mid lactation (71 to 140 days after childbirth), late lactation (141 to 305 days after childbirth), and dry milk (306 to 365 days after childbirth). ). From the 30 days before delivery (the second dry dairy month) to 70 days after the delivery (early lactation), it is the most critical 100 days for dairy cows to feed. They need to undergo physiological processes such as breast-feeding, childbirth, breast-feeding, massive lactation, and initial allocation. The dry period of 30 days before the birth is a time when the cows are fully rested, promote the growth and development of the fetus, repair the body tissue, accumulate nutrients, and renew the breast tissue. Cows were affected by endocrine and their dry matter intake was significantly reduced. It decreased to only 1% of body weight from 5 days to 7 days before labor. Tests showed that under the same feeding conditions, cows without milking during continuous milking had a 25% drop in milk production compared with the second milking cow with dry milk, while the third child had a 38% drop. The decline in milk volume has increased. It can be seen that the dry milk period is very necessary to increase milk production and maintain cow health. 70 days post-partum is the initial period of lactation. During this period, the dry matter intake of dairy cows has not fully recovered, about 15% lower than the late lactation period. A few days after birth, the appetite is the worst and the amount of food consumed is very low, while the amount of lactation is increased day by day (4 to 8 weeks post-partum, the peak of lactation occurs), resulting in deficiency of nutrients. In order to supply the energy needed to produce milk, cows consume fat while suppressing body fat synthesis. It has been determined that during this period, the weight of a cow is generally reduced by about 35 kg to 50 kg, and the average daily weight is reduced by 500 g to 700 g. In general, the highest daily milk production occurs from 4 weeks to 8 weeks postpartum, and the highest dry matter intake occurs from 10 weeks to 14 weeks postpartum, resulting in negative energy balance in the cow during the early lactation period. The body is in malnutrition at this time. The state is prone to metabolic disorders, such as postpartum spasm, no placenta, atrophy, and ketosis. Although the incidence is mostly at the beginning of lactation, it will have a great impact on the production and reproduction of the whole lactation period and even the next lactation period. Therefore, grasping the feeding and management from 30 days before to 70 days after delivery is the key to raising cows. It not only affects the milk production of the cows, but also directly relates to post-natal estrus, breeding, pregnancy and the next child. of milk production and so on, the management of this period as a little mistake, it will bring long-term irreversible impact on production performance and reproductive performance of cows later, in order to ensure that l00 days of scientific management, the need to pay attention to the following aspects: Prevention of perinatal ketosis Ketosis is the most important metabolic disorder in dairy cows and can cause overall energy metabolism disorders. It has been determined that the peak concentration of ketones in cow's milk starts from 17 days to 31 days after lactation. Cows with high ketone body concentration in milk not only reduce milk yield, decrease milk quality, lose weight, and increase the incidence of reproductive system diseases and other system diseases. , And the time required for the initial allocation is long, the conception rate is low, the number of breedings is increased, and the empty period is prolonged. Prevention of the occurrence of ketosis disease is based on the body of the cow to determine the feed energy level, so that it is neither fat nor thin. The protein content of the diet should be moderate, accounting for about 16%. Shepherd-fed cows supply about 3 kilograms of concentrate per kilogram of milk produced. Postpartum spastic hypocalcemia is the main cause of postpartum spasticity. According to reports, with the increase in the number of production of cows, production capacity continues to increase, but the incidence of postpartum warts is also increased, the higher the prevalence of cattle with high milk yield. Cows determined to have postpartum delirium can shorten the production period by three or four years, and the incidence of other metabolic diseases is also significantly higher. According to experiments, in the second dry milk month before delivery, daily consumption of 20 grams of calcium per head, calcium and phosphorus ratio controlled at 2:1, can effectively prevent postpartum expectoration. No less than clothing and postpartum placental infections and genital infections occur in malnourished cattle, mainly due to the lack of calcium VE and sacrifice, resulting in postpartum uterine contractility and placental inflammation. Therefore, pregnant animals should ensure the supply of vitamins and minerals, but also pay attention to proper exercise during the second trimester. Postpartum paraplegia is often caused by too large a fetus and malposition of the fetus that prevents cows from giving birth and contusion of the sciatic nerve or obturator nerve. The loss caused by postpartum paraplegia is not only a reduction in the amount of lactation, but more importantly, the cow is eliminated before its genetic capacity is fully utilized. Abomasum shift cows due to childbirth, the concentration of calcium in the blood will be reduced, muscle tension decreased, causing displacement of abomasum. It has been reported that postpartum warts are also incentives that increase the incidence of transgastric dislocation by 4.8 times. Pregnancy poisoning caused by metritis and mastitis can also cause abomasum shift. Abdominal displacement can be treated by surgery, but the subsequent milk production is reduced by 8% to 10% compared with other cows in the same group. The results of a survey of 800 dairy farms show that: When reducing the daily feed of concentrates to 4 kg to 5 kg, only one case (0.12%) will occur in this disease. Second, to ensure reasonable distribution of feed and nutrients 30 days before delivery: 1. Concentrate Formula The crude material used in China's dairy cattle raising generally has an average crude protein content of 5% to 8%, and a net milk production energy of 3.766 MJ to 4.184 MJ per kilogram. Under such conditions, the formula for the late milk dry weight of cows weighing 600-650 kg and 500-550 kg is: 52% and 44% for corn, 34% and 18% for soybean cake, and 13% and 37% for bran, respectively. Salt is 1%. 2. Diets consist of cows weighing 600 to 650 kg and 500 to 550 kg in weight, 3 kg per head per day in dry milk, 3 kg to 3.5 kg in medium lambs, and 2.5 to 3 kg in silage corn 18 kg and 17 kg. The amount of copper sulfate 83 mg, manganese sulfate 570 mg, zinc sulfate 571 mg, cobalt chloride 6.11 mg, calcium iodate 2.6 mg, and sodium selenite 2.6 mg per kilogram of the batch are added. In addition, VA16000 international units, VD4000 international units, and VE70 international units are added per kilogram of dry matter. 3. Feeding Techniques To prevent the occurrence of atrophic dislocation, 2 cm to 3 cm long hay is added to the diet. In recent years, domestic and foreign trials have shown that the total nutritional level of dried dairies during dairy rations is 3 kg to 5 kg of standard milk, which is supplemented with dietary supplements to keep the average daily gain of dry milk during the period of 0.35 kg. 0.5 kilograms, which has a significant effect on the genetic potential of dairy cows in the next milk production, prevention of nutritional metabolic diseases, such as ketosis, obesity syndrome, digestive dysfunction and wrinkle dislocation, rumen parakeratosis. Postpartum 70 days: 1. Concentrate formula corn 45%, cooked soybean cake (19%), corn high protein 18%, bran l0%. Fishmeal (or yeast feed) 5%, bone meal 1.7%, calcium carbonate 0.4%, salt 0.8%, and enhanced trace element and vitamin additive 0.1%. 2. The diet consists of milking cows within 30 days after birth, with 6.5 kg of concentrate per head and 8 kg of brewers per day. Silage corn 15 kg, hay (Lycao) 4.5 kg. Postpartum milking cows from 31 days to 70 days post-feed each day with 10 kg of concentrate, 12 kg of brewers' grains, 15 kg of silage corn, and 4.5 kg of hay. The ratio of concentrate feed to roughage, based on dry matter, is approximately 55%: 45% and 60%: 40%, respectively. The content of nutrients in the diet, net milk production (MJ/kg dry matter) was 7.28 to 7.53, crude protein was 18%, crude fiber was 15%, calcium was 0.81%, phosphorus was 0.58%, calcium, The ratio of phosphorus is 1. 5:1. When there is too much concentrate in the lactating cattle diet and when crude fiber is 13% to 14%, in order to maintain the rumen's normal environment and digestive function, and prevent pre-stomach relaxation and milk fat content decrease, additional magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate should be added. These substances have a neutralizing effect on the acidity of the rumen and are called buffers. Its amount: sodium bicarbonate is 1% to 1.5% of concentrate, and magnesium oxide is 0.5% to 0.8% of concentrate. The application results showed that the milk fat percentage of the experimental group was 0.4%-0.5% higher than that of the control group. 3. Feeding methods There are the following two methods for feeding dairy cows in the early stages of lactation: 1 Traditional feeding methods: After giving birth, you should allow them to freely feed quality hay and try to avoid feeding too much silage corn. After feeding, observe the eating status of the cows on the day. If there is no concentrate, and if a lot of hay, defecate, rumination, etc. are normal and the amount of milk is increased, 0.5 kg to 1 kg of concentrate can be fed daily. Leftovers, and eating less raw material, eating too slowly, appetite is not good, you can not add material. The daily concentrates are fed in three batches. Generally, the amount of each feed does not exceed 3 kg and should be fed after mixing with the coarse material. The amount of concentrate should be controlled at 1 kg of concentrate per 3 kg of regular milk. Milk production should be measured every 3 days and milk fat rate should be measured every 10 days to guide production. 2 Full-price diets (completely mixed diets) Feeding method: Calculate the nutrients required by dairy cows according to factors such as milk production, milk fat percentage, body weight, and weight loss at the beginning of lactation, and then calculate the corresponding dietary nutritional levels. And the total amount of preparation, determine the feed formulation, and then mix the additives such as short roughage, concentrate, dregs, buffers, mineral elements, and vitamins, so that the cattle can freely feed. This will not cause digestive dysfunction, rumen acidosis, overeating and other issues, and the large amount of food, nutritional balance, milk volume increased rapidly. In short, strengthening feeding and management, ensuring nutrient supply, preventing diseases, and minimizing environmental stress caused by pre-production transfers are the key to giving full play to the production and reproduction capabilities of dairy cows.