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(1) The stalk blight is commonly referred to as horseshoe temperature. The stalk blight mainly harms the leaf sheaths, stems and flower organs of horseshoe plants. At the beginning of the disease, dark green water spots irregularly formed at the base of the leaf sheath and gradually spread to the entire leaf sheath. Finally, the lesions are grayish-white and have black dots or short spots on them, which are the spore plates of the pathogen. The lesion on the leaf sheath of the base is further expanded, resulting in the onset of culms. It is initially immersed in water, prismatic, elliptical or irregular dark green patches. The diseased tissue becomes soft and the depressions are easily lodged, with black dots on them and sometimes arranged in a circle. When the weather is dry, the beginning is light brown spots, the lesions are easy to lose water and dry, the middle gray, dark brown outside. When the lesions are dense, the whole culm can be withered and fallen into a dark straw color. When the humidity is high or the morning dew is not dry, a large amount of mild gray mold layer is seen on the surface of the lesion, which is a conidia group of the pathogen. The damage to the flower scales and the ear and neck causes the inflorescence to die. The symptoms are similar to those in the culm.
The stem blight fungus used the mycelia to overwinter in the diseased body, and produced conidia in the following year. It became the primary source of infection in the old production area of ​​horseshoe, and the new production area took the fungus bulb as the initial infection source. Spores are transmitted by wind and rain and irrigation water and directly invade from the leaf stomata or penetrate the epidermis. At temperatures between 24 and 26, the incubation period is 6 to 9 days. The disease department continuously produces conidiospores that cause re-infection. It usually starts in June in the field, and it is heavier in August and September. Horseshoe can infect from sprouting to stem growth. The main factor affecting the disease epidemic is the climatic conditions. The suitable onset temperature is 20-29. When the temperature is suitable, the humidity determines the prevalence of the disease, and the disease develops rapidly in rainy, dense fog or heavy fog weather. Before the closure of horseshoe plants in the field, the disease progressed slowly. After the closure of the line, there were more rainy or dew-enriched weather, and the relative humidity was high, and the rate of diseased plants rose fastest. Continuous cropping or dense planting, poor ventilation and light transmission, partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, especially the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, strong growth, soft pods, easy to infect diseases. Horseshoe growth in the late stage of defertilization or frequent water dehydration, so that the plant stems pumping slowly, weak disease resistance, more severe disease.
Prevention and control of stalk blight: Implementing a three-year shift of paddy-upland rotations, especially in old production areas, is an important measure to combat this disease. Select disease-resistant varieties, clean the countryside in winter, remove sick and weak seedlings when planting, and timely remove the field strains. Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, reapply, apply sufficient basal fertilizer, and apply more farmyard manure. In the early period of vegetative growth, less fertilizer was applied. In the early stage of the tiller ramets, top dressing was applied 2 or 3 times. During the period of pod dressing, topdressing N, P, and K fertilizers were applied. Irrigation should avoid string irrigation and flood irrigation to prevent the spread of germs. Shallow water during transplanting, 1.5 to 3 cm water layer during sub-irrigation, and 4.5 to 6 cm water layer during bulb expansion. Chemical control can be used 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate WP 600 times, or 50% Benzol 800 times soak bulbs 1 day and night. Horseshoe seedlings were immersed in the above liquid for 18-24 hours before colonization. In the early stage of the disease, spray the above liquid as early as possible, or use 45% dexamethasone wettable powder or 20% rust-containing emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times, 7 to 10 days apart, and spray 5 to 8 times.
(2) Fusarium horseshoe from the species to the harvest, can be the entire period of growth. The buds turn brown and rot before unearthing. From the seedling stage to the adult stage, the base of the initial stem turns brown, the plant growth is weak, and the dwarf turns yellow. There are generally two types of symptoms in the field, namely blue and dry spots. When the onset is severe and severe, the upper part of the plot shows the symptoms of blue and dry, the water loss from the upper part of the phyllo-cylindrical stem begins to fade, and it gradually expands downwards. The base rots and dies, covered with pink sticky material, and is the pathogen. The diseased plants are easy to pull up or go up, the roots are stunted, and there are mostly dark brown soft rots, generally no bulbs or stunted white bulbs. When the disease is light, it shows a blemishes, the onset is relatively late, and the general loss is lighter. The onset of bulbs, brownishment of the mutton meat, the vascular bundles of the stems of diseased plants have browning to varying degrees, but no smell. Horseshoeing in the fall usually begins in late September.
Fusarium wilt is latent in the bulbs of the mycelium or chlamydospore, or attached to the appearance of winter. The new wards were spread long distances with the transport of bacteria. The bacteria-carrying bulb is the primary infestation source, and it will become pathogenic after it is planted. The germs will be re-infected by rainwater spreading. Germs invade from the wound or directly through the main epidermis. The disease rate of bulbs and stolons in sick fields is as high as 20-80%. The disease center in the field gradually spreads to the surrounding areas.
Wilt disease prevention and control methods: two years of paddy crop rotation. In the disease-free fields, planted seedlings without disease, and strictly prevent the use of bulbs outside the diseased bulbs. Chemical control can be used 50% carbendazim 600 times liquid soaking seedlings or soaking seedlings before planting for 24 hours; the early onset of field spray 50% carbendazim WP 600 times for 2 to 3 times, each time interval 7 to 10 days.
(3) The symptoms of stalk rot are similar to those of blight, but this disease does not cause browning of the vascular bundle at the base of horseshoe stems. The pathogenic bacteria that overwintered the mycelium on sick plants became the first infestation germs in the following year. Storms and winds can easily cause stalk wounds, and beneficial spores can spread germination and infestation. In the thin soil, shallow soil, lack of fertilizer, low-lying, deep-irrigated fields are prone to disease. Control methods can be found in stalk blight.
(4) The sclerotinia disease category includes sclerotinia and sclerotinia. Sclerotinia turned brown at the base of the stalk, and finally died. The diseased part had black granular sclerotia. The bulbs can also be infested during storage, causing rot. Sclerotinia rots at the base of the stem. Afterwards, it settled down and produced many black sclerotia outside the leaf sheath. Both of these S. sclerotiorums are generally lighter and have less damage. Its prevention and control method: After horseshoe harvest, clean the pastoral area, and treat the sickness and body. Chemical control should be sprayed with 50% carbendazim or 70% methylthiobacillus wettable powder 600~800 times liquid, or 20% Liquigent EC 1000 times, or 50% fast-inking wettable powder 1500 at the early stage of disease. ~2000 times liquid, once every 5~7 days, even spray 2~3 times.
(5) Gray mold Most of the disease occurs during post-harvest storage, but it also affects the field. In general, a layer of gray mold is produced at the bulbous wound, ie, conidial stems and conidia. The bulbs inside are dark brown and soft rot. The pathogens overwinter on the bulb and diseased body of the horseshoe with mycelia or conidia, and the conidia spread through the airstream and invade the wound. Humidity during storage is more severe. The control method is to use non-disease bulbs, or use 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times, or 80% thiophanate-methyl WP 800 times soaking 18 to 24 hours after planting. In the initial stage of the field, spray 50% Suo Ke Ling WP 2000 times, or 50% Propionine WP 1000 ~ 1500 times, add 70% thiophanate-methyl WP 1000 times, or more than 50% Diclosporin wettable powder 600 times, spray every 7 to 10 days, even spray 2 or 3 times. During the storage period, the bulbs are sprayed with 3000 times of 45% Tectron suspension agent and combined with refrigeration, it also has certain control effect.
(6) Brown rot disease Brown rot of bulbous stems of the horse rot is a disease during storage, which mainly occurs in the bulbs after harvesting. The thick white mycelia grows at the broken bulbs, and gradually becomes pink. The mutton turns brown to brown. Red-brown dry rot. Germs invade from the wound and cause rot. Control methods should be selected for disease-free ball retention. Harvest carefully to avoid damaging the bulbs. 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times, or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times, or 50% benomyl wettable powder 1500 times, or use these liquids after harvesting bulbs Dip ball species.
(7) Dry rot The dry rot of horseshoe bulbs is generally the disease after harvesting. The bacteria invade from the wound. The dense white mycelium grows on the bulbous wound. The flesh is water-stained, greenish-brown or gray-brown. In the beginning, generally no rot occurs. The method of prevention and cure: Be careful to dig bulbs during harvesting and avoid bulb injury during transport. 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times, or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 1000 times, or 50% benomyl wettable powder 1500 times soaked before bulb storage or transfusion until the liquid is dry After storage.
2. Major Insect Pests and Their Prevention and Control The main pests of horseshoe are white pelican, also known as striated (wild) white pelican and white praying mantis. It is a major pest of horseshoe.
Horseshoe plague and morphological characteristics: Adult body length 11.5 ~ 12.6 mm, 23 ~ 26 mm wingspan, male moth smaller. Eggs are made up of tens to hundreds of eggs and accumulate egg masses. They are oblong in shape, such as half-gum, covered with tan hairs. The newly hatched larvae are tender and white, and are dark gray in front of the pupa. The carcass is 13 to 15.5 mm long, 2.8 to 3.4 mm thick, and is cylindrical in shape, initially milky, and gradually turning yellow.
Horseshoe crabs can occur in the Yangtze River basin for 4 generations a year, some for 5 generations, and larvae in winter. After spring, as the temperature rises, the larvae migrate from the pupa to the nearby weeds and crops such as Cyperaceae, Camptothecae, and Leguminosae to feed on development, pupa, and eclosion. The overwintering larvae entered the flood season in early May and were eclossed in late May. The adults flew to the horseshoe fields in the previous year and spawned on the plants that had been left with bulbs. The first generation larvae in early June were endangered. The second and third generations lay eggs in horseshoe cultivation fields or field plots, and these two generations of larvae are the most dangerous. After the fourth generation of adults lays eggs, the larvae no longer phlegm and enter the wintering period. The larval duration of each generation is related to climate, with high temperature, rapid development and short duration. Adults lay eggs with a green and dense appearance, and eclosion and mating occur at night. Spawn more than 90% on the first night after mating. The larvae are more commoditized and the young larvae are clustered.
Horseshoe plague: Symptoms: The larvae feed on the culm, hollowing out the diaphragm in the phyllo-stem, making the tip of the stalk chlorotic wither and wilting, turning red from top to bottom and turning to yellow, the stalk becoming brown and rot, and the nutrient and moisture transport being blocked. Finally, the whole plant died. During the period of tillering and ramification, the number of seedlings will be reduced, and the number of seedlings will be reduced. Injury will be caused by the ball, and the stems will die, which will affect the expansion of the bulbs. The bulbs will become smaller and lighter, and the quality will deteriorate.
The following measures can be taken to prevent and control horseshoe plague.
After the horseshoe is harvested, it is necessary to promptly remove the dried stems of horseshoe leftovers from the field before the overwintering larvae move into the early March of the following year. The dried stems should be burned or buried deeply to eliminate the source of overwintering insects. Before the winter eels emerged in early May, they eradicated the remaining horseshoe seedlings from the fields and put an end to a generation of insects. In order to avoid the hazards of the second generation of white storks and to mitigate the third generation hazards, it is appropriate to postpone planting until July to reduce losses. In the phlegm-removing period, deep water can be poured to kill insects by flooding.
Chemical control can be used 40% rice insect net emulsion or 80% dichlorvos emulsion, 150 ml per acre 400 kg water poured pouring. The use of chemical control should be based on the living habits and the law of occurrence. The prevention and treatment focus is on the second and third generations. Each drug should be administered twice. The first time after the peak of hatching, it should be 1~2 days, and the second time should be applied every 7~10 days. For the plots that grow green and have more insect populations, they should also focus on medication. The fourth generation should be applied 2 to 3 days before the hatching peak. In severe areas, seedlings are soaked or sprayed with liquid medication 2 to 3 days before transplanting.
In addition, there must be timely prevention and control of small-winged moths, aphids, cockroaches, cockroaches, etc.
Horseshoe diseases and pests and their prevention
1. Major diseases and pests and their control The major pests and diseases of horseshoe stems include stalk blight, wilt disease, stalk rot, sclerotinia, sclerotiorum, botrytis, bulbous brown rot and bulbous stem rot.