枇杷Efficient cultivation techniques

First, the market prospect of big fruit

The genus Rosaceae is a genus of plants that prefer a warm and humid climate. Autumn and winter flowering, late spring and early summer fruit maturity, the meat is soft and juicy, sweet and sour taste, is the treasures of fruit off-season. At present, only China and Japan can provide products for the international market. According to statistics, Chinese wolfberry cultivation and production account for more than two-thirds of the world's total. It can be said that wolfberry is a specialty of China. In spite of this, China's cultivated area is less than 40,000 hectares. Its output is less than 80,000 tons, and its per capita is only 0.067 kilograms. It does not rank among the top 10 in fruit trees, and is often called "small fruit." Therefore, vigorously developing the production of alfalfa not only has its great potential in the domestic fruit market, but also has considerable prospects in the export international market. According to relevant experts' forecasts, the proportion of high-quality large-grained razor clams (with an average fruit weight of 50 grams or more) is rare, and there are at least 15 years of high-efficiency periods in the domestic and international markets.

Second, the establishment of orchards

1. Requirements for environmental conditions The radon can normally grow in areas with an average annual temperature above 12°C, but the annual average temperature above 15°C and the annual rainfall above 1000cm have good effects. As a result of flowering in winter, the young fruit's ability to resist low temperature is weak, and the extreme minimum temperature in winter in the economic cultivation area is not less than -5°C.枇杷 The requirements for the environment are not strict. Flat land, mountains, sandy lands, and sticky grounds are all acceptable, but sandy loam with a pH of 5.5-6.5 is still the best.

2 The choice and planning of the park site is not tolerant of storage and transportation. Therefore, when constructing a park, it is advisable to choose a place with convenient transportation and close proximity to the city, especially for large parks. However, the traffic is now quick and it is also possible to build a park near or along high-grade highways. When constructing a garden, it is necessary to plan the traffic and irrigation and drainage facilities in the orchard to lay the foundation for the production of high quality products.

3 In the orchard, due to the shallow distribution of the root system, weak spreading force, and poor wind resistance, the soil should be deep-turned, soil-changed, or green-groove, and the seedlings should be planted on the ditch. Improve soil permeability and fertility, rooting deeply into the soil, making plants grow robustly and increase wind resistance. If the time is rushed and the garden is not prepared enough, the seedlings can be planted according to the designed spacing, and then the soil can be expanded outwards from the site of the colonization each year.

4 Variety selection Practice has proved that selection of varieties is very important, and it is better to choose large fruit-type alfalfa varieties, and in particular, large-fruit varieties with high sugar content, beautiful appearance and strong adaptability should be selected. Judging from the current popular varieties, the big fruit varieties include: Big Five Star, April Red, Huang Feng, Red Lantern, Longquan No. 1, Early Bell No. 6, Guanyu and Baiyu. These varieties are mature in Chengdu in the late 4th, early May, mid-May, late May and early June and can be cultivated.

5 Seedling planting time is the best time from September to October and February to March each year. In winter, the areas with good frost damage are best planted in spring.

6 Seedling colonization density currently has 31.5cm, 32cm, 21.5cm and several other densities.

7 seedlings planting method

7.1 Determining the location of the planting site The seedling planting site should be determined according to the method of soil improvement and the density of the design.

7.2. Seedlings treatment Large loquat leaves and large transpiration volume should be cut to 1/2 to 2/3 of all leaves when the nursery emerges from the nursery. All young shoots are cut off. Before the seedlings are planted and nursery, they should be irrigated with water and raised seedlings to protect the root system before raising the survival rate. Seedlings are transported with 800-fold 50% carbendazim for 15-30 minutes (infusion of roots) before planting and planting with mud.

7.3 Planting seedlings When planting, the soil at the site of settlement must first be finely grounded, but it should not be too wet. This is the key to survival. If the soil cannot be shovelled or the humidity is high, it should be transported back to the appropriate soil for fertilization. When planting seedlings, the root system should be buried and straightened, and fine clay should be filled in layers. Seedlings should not be planted too deeply, and the roots and necks are even or slightly higher than the ground. After the seedlings are planted, they should be poured into the root water immediately, and must be poured and drenched. Afterwards, a 1m-diameter tree tray is covered with a black mulch or weed to retain moisture and keep it alive.

Third, soil fertilizer management

1 Sapling fertilization (1 to 3 years) The fertilization of saplings should be based on the principle of thin and persistent. After planting, the first fertilizer was applied when the seedlings grew to 5°C, and the available phosphate fertilizers and watered feces were mainly accelerated by available nitrogen fertilizers. Every 15 days, each time the strain applied urea 5 ~ 10g, superphosphate 5g, defecation water 3 ~ 5, to stop spraying fertilizer at the beginning of June, and control the water to promote flower bud differentiation. After each month of September, fertilize 1 times with N, P, and K, each application of 10 mg of alizarin and 10 g of superphosphate can be applied each time. In the second year, fertilization can be applied in 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 Second, NPK combined application, and increase the amount of fertilizer with the increase of the crown. In the third year, fertilization was performed once in each of February, June, September and November.

2 adult trees fertilize 枇杷 adult trees can be fertilized 3 times a year. The first application of spring fertilizer, applied in mid-February, when the root system is in the first growth peak, easy to absorb nutrients, the main role of this fertilizer is to promote the spring shoots and increase the fruit. Fertilizer accounted for about 30% of the whole year, mainly fast-acting fertilizer, potash fertilizer was applied at the same time to promote the expansion of young fruit. It can apply 30kg of urea, 15g of superphosphate, and potassium sulfate for every 667? (1 mu). 30kg, about 1500kg of human and animal waste water. The second summer shoot fertilizer was applied after fruit picking from mid-May to early June (the late-maturing varieties were applied before fruit collection). At this time, the second peak growth of the root system was mainly responsible for promoting the development of summer shoots. The result is a branch and promotes flower bud differentiation from July to August. As the summer shoots are plentiful and neat, and many of the results can be shaped in the same year, the promotion of summer shoots is the main measure to ensure high yields every year. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer used is very large, accounting for about 50% of the entire year, with quick effects. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied to organic fertilizers, and all the annual phosphorus fertilizers are applied (in order to facilitate flower bud differentiation and fruit absorption in winter and spring). Generally every 667? (mu) applies urea 50kg, superphosphate 60kg, organic fertilizer (pig manure) 2000 ~ 3000kg. The third application of autumn fertilizer or pre-flowering fertilizer was applied before heading and flowering in September to early October, accounting for about 20% of the whole year. It mainly promoted good flowering, improved fruit setting and increased winter-proof ability for overwintering. , 15kg per 667 mu urea, 1500kg water manure.

3 Soil Management

3.1 Orchard intercropping and weed management Juvenile gardens can intercrop legume crops, vegetables, and strawberries. However, it is best to grow green manure and cut it off the cover tree plate from April to August. In the adult orchard, weeds or crop straws can be used to cover the tree trays from April to September. They are pressed into the soil in the autumn when applying fertilization or burrowing soils. They both fertilize the soil and remain moist in the summer, lowering the ground temperature and favoring the plants. Growing, covering the tree plate in winter is good for the more. In winter, the whole garden is ploughed once, and the depth is 10-20 cm.

3.2 Enlarging the deep-turning orchard to improve the soil in the sulcus or in the large-hole planting and unconsolidated soil shall be deep-falling in the fall combined with Shi Qiu Fei, with a depth of 50 to 60 cm, and the weeds, straw, and phosphate fertilizer shall be pressed in layers. Wait. In 3 to 5 years, the whole park is over. It is conducive to guiding the downward growth of roots and increase the ability to attract fertilizers.

3.3 Drainage and Irrigation If the rainfall is excessive during fruit ripening, it is the main cause of poor fruit coloration and fruit cracking. Therefore, drainage should be paid attention to in rainy areas. From July to August, the axillary buds are at the flowering stage. Keeping them dry is beneficial to the differentiation of flower buds, and drainage work should also be done. During the period of spring drought, young fruit development period should be properly irrigated. During the period from August to September, spikes grow and develop. If the weather is dry, they should be flooded and drought-resistant.

Fourth, pruning

1 The plastic branching has obvious regularity, the top bud has strong growth potential, the axillary buds are small and obvious, the growth is weak, the buds at the bud and the nearby axillary buds are drawn, and the axillary buds in the lower part become the buds and the top buds. As the central branch extends upward, the axillary bud becomes a side branch extending around. Therefore, the center of the earthworm is very obvious, and the tree shows obvious layers. In order to adapt to this characteristic, the dense plantation garden (31.5 m, 32 m) often adopts a small crown trunk, which evolves from the trunk stratification. , High yield, large load, suitable for 31.5m and 32m spacing plants. The trunk height is 30-40 cm, the first layer of 4 main branches forms a 60-70 angle with the center stem, and the second layer 3 branches form a 50-60 angle with the center stem. The third layer of the two main branches and the center dry into 45 angle, the fourth layer of two main branches. 3 to 4 years to complete the plastic, the height of the tree after the formation of 2.5cm, with the increase in the age of the next should be happy to fall, reducing the number of main branches. The reshaping method is: 30 to 40cm seedlings are selected for planting, and no post-cultivation cultivation is performed. After the cultivation, the terminal buds and lateral buds (alfalfa buds) are to be cultivated. The top buds are left to grow naturally, and 4 buds are selected as the first layer. The main branch extends in 4 directions, and it forms an angle of 70 degrees with the center (can be fixed with a bamboo rod), and the remaining branches shoot in the middle and early July to stop turning, twisting, and pulling branches to promote flowering. . The lateral branches that germinate for the second time in the center, if they are less than 40cm from the first layer, twist at the length of 30cm. If the branches are more than 40cm from the first layer, they are selected as the second layer of the main branch, and the center Into the angle of 50 to 60, according to the same method to choose to leave the third and fourth main branch (with the center into a 30 to 45 angle), the fourth layer of the main left after the former in addition to the center dry, the remaining branches in addition to the main branch Outside the growth, the other branches on the back of the branches were all twisted in mid-July to stimulate the flowers. After 7 to 8 years, the fourth layer is removed, leaving only three layers.

2 before repair

2.1 Juvenile trees (1 to 3 years old) Young trees are not cut during the plastic surgery, allowing them to have multiple shoots, except for the main branch to maintain a predetermined angle.

After the growth, the rest shoots were twisted and circumcised at the time of the new death in July. The non-principal branches sent from the center will be pulled horizontally, which will promote early flowering, and appropriate elimination of overweight branches in the second and third years.

2.2 Adult trees are mainly pruned twice in spring and summer, and spring pruning is carried out in conjunction with fruit thinning in February and March. The main branches include weak branches, dense branches and leggy branches, which increase the amount of spring shoots and reduce the size of the year. Summer pruning is carried out after fruit harvesting. It mainly removes dense branches and delicate branches. The branches and branches of diseases and insects are used to improve the light, the center of excessive plant retraction is dry, and the head is happy to fall, and some of the main branches of the relocation are retracted. Keeping the distance between the rows of 0.8 to 1 m, the cross between the plants is not excessive, and fruit stems of fruit piles or fruiting branches are eliminated, so as to promote summer shoots and achieve high yields annually.

V. Flower and Fruit Management

1 Sparse and thinning fruits The spring and summer shoots are easy to grow into flowers. Each flower ear usually has 60 to 100 flowers, and only 5% of the flowers form a yield, so it is necessary to eliminate excessive flowers. Especially for large fruit pods, a considerable portion of flowers and fruit must be removed in order to produce good quality fruit. Sparse flowering is carried out from late October to November. For trees with too many spikes, some flower spikes should be removed from the base and the rest should be removed by 1/2; medium trees can be used to remove some flower spikes. 1/2 In short, how much sparse blooms are determined based on the amount of flowers. With proper sparse flowering, flower spikes can be adequately nutritious, increase resistance to adverse environments, and increase fruit setting rate. The thinning of fruit should be carried out after the spring warmth from March to March, removing some of the small fruits, diseases and insects, etc., leaving 1-3 fruits per panicle.

2 Baohua Baoguo For some varieties with low fruit setting rate and plants with small flowers, and areas with freezing damage in winter, the fruits should be preserved and the surplus fruit should be removed after mid-March so as to ensure High yield. The main methods of flower protection and fruit preservation are: (1) Inflation of fruit and young fruit in the first year of November (before flowering), late December (after flowering) and mid-January of the following year. Refer to the instructions for use). (2) Foliage spraying with 10mg/L of 92g in Xiehua period can increase the fruit setting rate by 38.5%. (3) When the flower blooms 2/3, spraying with 0.25% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) plus 0.2% urea and 0.1% borax leaves can increase the fruit setting rate by 34%.

3 Measures to promote flowering After planting in the summer shoots of the Shuji Plantation, the tree vigor is more prosperous, especially the plants with spring and summer shoots should take measures from July to August to promote flower bud differentiation to make it bloom in autumn and winter. result. The main methods are: (1) Spray 500 times 15% paclobutrazol or 350 times PBO in each month in early July and early August. (2) At the beginning of July, when the summer shoots were stopped growing, the shoots were leveled, twisted, cut (3 cuts, each 1 cm apart) and peeled off. (3) During the period from July to September, pay attention to drainage work and maintain proper drought.

4 Fruit Management

4.1 Measures to increase the fruit The main methods are: (1) In mid-February and mid-March, dipping the fruit with 100mg/L pyridlone (CPPV) can increase the fruit. (2) At the end of flowering (5 days after flowering), and fruiting period (10-15 days after flowering), most fruit sprays (50 kg water per package) will increase the fruit setting rate and fruit size. (3) Sparse young fruit and small fruit in mid-March.

4.2 Fruit Bagging Fruit bagging can prevent purple spot disease, sucking fruit beetles and bird hazards and reduce fruit cracking during sun exposure after rain. At the same time, liquid spraying on the fruit surface can be avoided, the fruit can be colored well, the appearance is beautiful, and the fruit quality and the commodity value are improved. The bagging time is preferably performed after the last thinning of fruit, generally in the middle of March. Before the bagging, a mixture of a broad spectrum insecticide and a bactericide must be sprayed. The sack paper used can be used in old newspapers and special fruit bags. Large fruit can be a fruit bag, small fruit is a spike bag. Start with the top of the tree, then down, toward the coat. Bags are fastened with thread and can also be ordered with a stapler. The fruit bag was removed 5 to 10 days before fruit picking, so that the fruit surface received light to facilitate coloring.

4.3 Fruits Harvested fruits should be harvested in batches when the pericarp is fully colored and matured. The first coloring should be adopted first, and if it is used for long-distance transportation, early harvesting should be conducted. Because the pods have a thin skin, a lot of tender meat, and a layer of villi on the skin, they must be careful when picking. They should use their hands to pick up the ears or fruit stalks. Carefully cut them off, do not scratch the surface of the velvet hand, and bruise the fruit. Gently place in a fruit basket with a brown sheet or grass. The harvest time is preferably in the morning, afternoon or cloudy days. It must not be harvested under heavy rain or hot sun.

VI. Pest Control

1 Disease prevention and treatment

1.1 Cancer disease alias bud blight occurs from March to April. The black shoots on the shoots of new shoots show symptoms of budding, often clustering lateral buds, and the leaves are black on the lesions. Damaged fruits, rough surface ulcers, fruit stems longitudinal surface crack. Branches were initially tainted with irregular brown spots, rough surfaces, and epigenetic ring-like uplifts that cracked the line, exposing dark brown xylem, showing a cancerous appearance, causing the branches to die. It is a kind of bacterial disease. The pathogen is wintering in the trunk disease department. Prevention: (1) Strengthen the management of orchards, pay attention to fertilizers, enhance the disease resistance of fruit trees, cut off diseased branches in time, and timely burn off diseased leaves and diseased fruit to remove the source of disease. (2) In the early onset (early March), spray 800 times M-45 or moldy clearance 1200-1500 times 1 or 2 times.

1.2 other diseases Leaf spot: damage the leaves, lesions were polygonal, russet, outside the yellow halo, late black mold was dotted, with mycelial blocks and conidia overwintering, warm areas, annual incidence. Gray leaf spot: damage the leaves, the sick class is round or irregular after healing, auburn, after the expansion of the central grayish yellow, grayish brown outer edge, late lesions gave birth to black dots, sometimes arranged in a ring, points Sporulators and mycelium overwinter on diseased leaves. Stained leaf disease: Occurs more on the opposite side of the leaves, initially brownish brown spotted or irregular, after the emergence of coal-like mold, can be covered with whole leaves, with conidia and hyphae in the diseased leaves overwintering. Red rust: damage leaves, produce orange to brown rust, purple spot: only affect the appearance, hardly affect the quality of the meat, in the late fruit ripening period of sudden symptoms, and sun exposure, the most effective control measures are fruit bagging. Prevention and control of the above diseases: (1) Remove fallen leaves, combine pruning, remove diseased leaves, perform drainage work, strengthen management, and increase tree vigor. (2) Bordeaux spray of 1:1:1160 is sprayed after the shoot grows, or 1200-1500 times more mildew is sprayed in the initial stage of disease.

2 Pest control

2.1 The larvae of the larvae of the caterpillar gnaw on the tender leaves of the edulis. When the larvae occur, the leaves are almost consumed. The saplings suffer more serious damage. The nymphs are attached to the cracks in the bark or overwinter on the back of the old leaves. Appeared, spawned on the back of leaves, the first generation from June to July harmed the leaves, the second generation took place from mid-July to mid-August, and the third generation took place from mid-August to mid-September, with the emergence of tender leaves. The phases are consistent, with 1 - 2 instar larvae nuzzled by new shoots. The larvae are brown and later yellow. The mature larvae are about 20 cm long. Control measures: The key is in the young fruit period, available 20% cypermethrin 4000 ~ 5000 times or 2.5% Bromothrin 3000 times, 2.5% urinary excreted No. 3 suspension agent 1500 ~ 2000 times, cleared in winter clearing garden Overwintering, combined with manual killing of 1 to 2 instar larvae.

2.2 The moth is also known as the boat-shaped moth, which is the main pest that damages the leaves of the aphids. It eats old leaves and begins to feed on the leaves, leaving the epidermis and the remaining main veins. One generation occurred in one year, wintering in the soil near the trunk, eclosion in July, and activity in the evening. Spawning on the back of the leaves, more than 10 grains are arranged in a row, hatched in late August, 1 to 2 instars are harmed in clusters, and the heads are arranged neatly on one or several leafy backs, and the damaged leaves become gauze-like. The number of insects that occur on the tree is very large. Sooner or later, the leaves of the whole tree are quickly consumed. The larvae are thrown off when they are frightened, and the phenomenon of suspended animation occurs. From September to October, the mature larvae entered the soil for winter, and the larvae initially became yellow and later became purple-brown. Prevention measures: Intertillage in winter, excavation of earthworms in the soil around the trunk, in late August to concentrate on killing young larvae. If the larvae have been dispersed for feeding, a 20% solution of cypermethrin 3000 times or a 3,000 times solution of scanolid can be selected.

2.3 Sangtiannian mainly damages the trunk of pupa. The larvae first engage along the bark and then enter the xylem to cause damage and cause the branches to die. 40% dichlorvos and other 50 times can be used to dip into the cotton into the fistula, and then block the hole with yellow mud.

2.4 thorn moth commonly known as hot pepper, octagonal diced. There are many species, and the main hazards are the flat moth and yellow thorn moth. 1 to 2 generations per year, from the middle of July to the middle of August, it is the first generation, and from the beginning of September to the end of October, it is the second generation. It can use 20% of chrysanthemum 3000 times solution to prevent and control other pests.

2.5 Other pests such as carnivora, aphids, leafhoppers, bag moths, etc., can be used to treat major pests. It can be controlled by agents such as extermination, gallium, and chlorpheniramine.

Attachment: Big Fruits Management Management Calendar

January: Baohuabaoguo (spraying 20mg/920g, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.1% phofenone), and anti-freezing on the tree tray.

February: The first enlargement of young fruit (with 100 mg/L pyridoprost), control of leaf spot (spray 800 times 80% of Dasheng M-45 or 800 times of 50% Fengmi). Shi Chun shoot and strong fruit fertilizer, sapling colonization.

March: Thinning of fruit (2 to 3 fruit per head, and control of 1000 kg per 667 phr.), second swelling of fruits (the same method as the first), and generational sowing (spray 1 time before bagging) A mixture of bactericide fungicides), seedling colonization, sapling shaping, spring pruning of adult trees, irrigation and drought resistance.

April: Control of yellow caterpillars, aphids, bud blight, foliar fertilization to improve fruit quality.

May: Bags (early), fruit harvesting, sales, late summer fertilization and adult tree trimming.

June: Prevention of acarids, aphids, leaf spot diseases, and grey-class diseases.

July: Flower promotion (pulling branches, controlling water, spraying 500 times 15% paclobutrazol in mid-July), sapling shaping.

August: promote flowers (in the first half of the year, spray 500 times 15% paclobutrazol 1 times) to prevent and treat acarids, protect leaves, and apply water and drought.

September: Shi Qiufei, seedling colonization.

October: Thinning of flowers (1/2 inoculated per inflorescence), seedling colonization.

November: The 1st floristry (15-20 mg/L 92 or 0.1% Green Fenway 1).

December: Floats and promotes fruit (ibid.), anti-freeze (covered with trees, grass, or black film, etc.), and can be wrapped in a canopy with a mulch to reduce freezing damage.

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