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The characteristics of the ecological livestock husbandry production model is that it not only embodies the theory of ecology and eco-economics in the entire production process of the animal husbandry, but also makes full use of the cleaner production technology so as to achieve high quality, pollution-free and healthy agricultural and livestock products; The key to the success of this model lies in the realization of feed production, feed and feed production, aquaculture and bio-environmental control, comprehensive utilization of waste, and recycling of animal husbandry and manure, which can achieve clean production and achieve a waste-free or less waste production process. Based on the scale and dependence on the environment, modern ecological animal husbandry is divided into two production modes: compound ecological farms and large-scale ecological farms.
1. Integrated production mode of ecological farms The main features of this model are mainly livestock and poultry animal husbandry, supplemented with a corresponding scale of feed grain (grass) production base and livestock and poultry manure to eliminate land, and produce high-quality livestock products through clean production technology. According to the species of animals, the production mode of ecological farms mainly based on pigs, the production mode of ecological farms based on herbivorous livestock (cattle and sheep), the production mode of ecological farms based on poultry and other animals ( The technical model of the production mode of ecological farms based mainly on exempt and eel:
(1) Construction of pollution-free feed bases: feed ingredients will be selected through the selection of feed (grass) varieties, establishment of soil bases, soil fertigation techniques, organic fertilizer preparation and application techniques, balanced fertilization technologies, and high-efficiency, low-residue pesticide application technologies. Clean production purposes. It mainly includes cereals, legumes, pastures, rhizome melons, leafy vegetables, and aquatic feed.
(2) Feed and feed clean production technology: According to animal nutrition, apply advanced feed formulation technology and feed preparation technology, according to different types of livestock and poultry, grow feed formulation, produce full-priced compound feed and concentrate mix. Crop residues (fiber waste trails have low nutritional value or poor digestibility and cannot be used directly as feed. However, if they are properly treated, they can greatly increase their nutritional value and digestibility. Currently, straw processing methods have Mechanical (briquetting), chemical (ammonification), biological (microbial fermentation) and other processing technologies are the most widely used domestic silage and ammoniation.
(3) Breeding and biological environment construction: In the process of livestock and poultry breeding, advanced breeding techniques and biological environment construction are used to achieve high-quality and pollution-free livestock and poultry production. Livestock and poultry are preserved through the livestock manure removal and disease control technologies. Excellent growth environment, no disease or less illness.
(4) Solid-liquid separation technology and dry excrementation technology: For large-scale livestock and poultry farms where water is flushed, excrement and urine are discharged by water flushing method, that is, polluting the environment with fertilizer and water resources is also not conducive to the utilization of nutrient resources. The solid-liquid separation equipment is first used for solid-liquid separation, the solid-liquid part is subjected to high-temperature composting, and the liquid part is subjected to biogas fermentation. At the same time, in order to reduce the amount of water, dry cleaning techniques are used as far as possible.
(5) Sewage recycling and utilization technology: The use of advanced solid-liquid separation technology to separate liquids and discharge them in non-planting seasons to achieve discharge standards or to store livestock water, and to fully utilize the water and fertilizer resources in the sewage during the crop production season irrigation.
(6) Organic fertilizer and organic-inorganic compound fertilizer preparation technology: The use of advanced solid-liquid separation technology, solid part of the use of high-temperature compost technology and equipment, production of high-quality organic fertilizer and commercial organic-inorganic compound fertilizer.
(7) Biogas fermentation technology: using livestock manure for biogas and biogas fertilizer production, reasonably recycling materials and energy, solving fuel, fertilizer and feed conflicts, improving and protecting the ecological environment, and promoting comprehensive, sustained, and healthy development of agriculture. Promote farmers to increase production and income.
Case: Dairy cows in Shaanxi Province, dairy cows, agro-pastoral complex ecological farms, Guquan Village, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, experimented with poultry and agro-pastoral complex ecological farms, Zhejiang Hangzhou, Foshan chicken farm, Xi'an Daxie chicken farm and so on.
2. Production mode of large-scale farms The main characteristic of this mode is mainly the breeding of livestock and poultry on a large scale, but the lack of a corresponding scale of feed grain (grass) production base and livestock manure excretion sites, therefore need to pass a number of columns Production technology measures and environmental engineering technologies are used for environmental governance and ultimately produce high quality animal products. According to the types of animals that are kept, they can be divided into large-scale pig farm production models, large-scale cattle farm production models, and large-scale chicken farm production models. Technical composition:
(1) Feed and feed cleaner production technology: According to animal nutrition, using advanced feed formulation technology and feed preparation technology, according to different types of livestock and poultry, growing feed formulations, production of full-priced compound feed and fine material mixture. Crop residues (fibrous waste) have low nutritional value or poor digestibility and cannot be used directly as feed. However, if they are properly treated, their nutritional value and digestibility can be greatly improved. At present, straw processing methods include mechanical (pressure briquetting), chemical (ammonia), biological (microbial fermentation) and the like. Silage and ammoniation are the most widely used in China.
(2) Construction of aquaculture and biological environment: The connotation of ecological production is process control. Advanced livestock breeding technology and biological environment construction are used in livestock and poultry breeding to achieve high-quality and pollution-free livestock production. And disease control technology, animal and poultry growth environment is excellent, no disease or less illness.
(3) Solid-liquid separation technology: For scaled livestock and poultry farms that are washed with water, their excreta are discharged by water flushing method, that is, they pollute the environment with fertilizer and water resources and are also not conducive to the utilization of nutrient resources. The solid-liquid separation equipment was used to conduct solid-liquid separation first. The solid part was subjected to high-temperature composting, and the liquid part was subjected to biogas fermentation. At the same time, in order to reduce the amount of water, dry cleaning techniques are used as far as possible.
(4) Sewage treatment and comprehensive utilization technology: advanced solid-liquid separation technology, liquid part using sewage treatment technologies such as oxidation ponds, wetlands, biogas fermentation, and other aerobic and anaerobic treatment technologies to be treated in non-planting seasons to achieve emission standards After the discharge. In the crop growing season, the water and fertilizer resources in the sewage can be fully utilized to carry out farmland irrigation.
(5) Livestock manure harmless high-temperature composting technology: The use of advanced solid-liquid separation technology and the use of high-temperature solid composting technologies and equipment to produce high-quality organic fertilizers and commercial organic-inorganic compound fertilizers.
(6) Biogas fermentation technology case: Tianjin Ninghe scale pig farm, Dongfeng large-scale ecological dairy farm in Chongming Island, Shanghai.
3. The mode of industrial development of ecological farms The industrialized operation of ecological farms is an inevitable trend in the development of modern animal husbandry. It is an important form of scientific organization and large-scale operation of ecological farms. The production of commercial and industrialized ecological farms mainly includes the production and processing of fodder forage, the selection and breeding of fine animal breeds, the healthy breeding and management of animals, the environmental control and improvement of animals, and the pollution-freeness of livestock and poultry excrement. The utilization of resources, the prevention and control of animal diseases, the processing of livestock products, the marketing and circulation of livestock products and other links constitute. Scientifically and rationally determine the connection mode and distribution of benefits of various production factors, so as to take advantage of the specialization and socialization of various production factors for the industrialization of poultry, and to realize the industrialized management of ecological livestock husbandry.
Ecological animal husbandry production model and supporting technology
The ecological livestock husbandry production model is the process of animal husbandry production using ecology, ecological economics, systems engineering, and cleaner production ideas, theories and methods. Its purpose is to achieve the protection of the environment and the sustainable use of resources while producing high-quality animal products.